Improving Schools Essay

There are numerous upgrades that can be made to our school. These enhancements will advance the school into a higher evaluation of learning for understudies. There are a wide range of aspects to our school and little, cheap, ecologically well disposed changes should be made. Making changes to the school will enable the understudies to accomplish higher evaluations, and in this manner have significantly greater college and school acknowledgment. Enhancements, for example, free web, a library nearby and free stopping will without a doubt be arrangements with a positive result. My first recommendation to improving the school is free web. Web can be a positive answer for those understudies in St. Louis that English isn't their first language. They can get to interpretation locales to assist them with bettering comprehend the understanding material and course assignments. Outlines for courses with maps and charts can be gotten to on the web. This will spare paper for instructor, in this way making an all the more ecologically inviting spot and furthermore will assist understudies with seeing the charts direct in shading. We have chosen as a majority rule society that training is a right, with this correct we should give the devices to make it open, the web will additionally advance understudies learning in factor ways. My subsequent recommendation is that we have a library nearby. Through the library we can acquire books; this is an extraordinary answer for the individuals who can’t stand to purchase books. Purchasing books outside of school can be costly and what would you be able to do with them after you read them, acquiring them for the library is a basic and naturally inviting arrangement. The library is a decent spot additionally to deal with assignments and gathering ventures on the lunch break, this assists understudies with completing the work and hand it in on schedule and furthermore gives a work space other than their home. Notwithstanding the above point, since we concluded training is a right, it is basic that a library be included for the individuals who can’t bear the cost of a PC, web and so forth. A library is a spot for those to get to the apparatuses to have a superior learning experience, for example, composing assignments and getting to web for class. We have concluded training is a privilege yet again we should give to make that privilege accessible to all. In conclusion, we ought to have free stopping. Free stopping has numerous positive factors. For example, in the event that we issue free stopping for understudies we could demand that understudies carpool to decrease parking spot request, this will likewise bring down our environmental impression and in this way be useful for everybody. Understudies originating from Cambridge, have an hour long transport ride toâ get to the Kitchener grounds and the greater part of them need to go to the Kitchener grounds since Cambridge doesn’t offer University level courses. Free stopping would make that drive to a lesser extent a problem that it as of now is. Additionally numerous understudies as St. Louis have children and additionally an occupation. Free stopping would help in getting the chance to take a shot at time, or getting their youngster from childcare on schedule. Taking everything into account, our school has made an extraordinary beginning. Be that as it may, the time has come to put forth much more attempt to make understudies achievement progressively effective. With arrangements like free web, a library and free stopping we will lessen our natural effect, make understudy life increasingly charming, and having a higher acknowledgment to University and College. We have concluded that tutoring is a right, with that we have to give understudies what they have to succeed. Our general public will better from instructed individuals that can bolster themselves, instead of individuals that rely upon society. Instruction isn't just for the now, it is until the end of time.

Security and Usability of E-Commerce Websites

Question: Depict about the Security and Usability of E-Commerce Websites? Answer: Dynamic These days the accessibility of web has reformed the worldwide world monstrously. In todays present day society individuals utilizes current offices and internet business to purchase their ordinary family items. Everything from garments, goods, nourishments, beauty care products are accessible in the online market, and it will be served to the ideal client just in a tick of a catch. Be that as it may, the achievement of an internet business depends on fulfilling and providing food the necessities of its clients. The significant example of overcoming adversity of this online business sites lies in building a trustable and legitimate relationship with its generally valuable and adorable partners that is the clients and purchaser base. The web based business sites are making day by day explores give and fulfill the distinct needs of their clients and raising different changes and adjustments in their web based business stage to pull in more clients day by day. In the ongoing course of e vents, the internet business policymakers are stressing in giving a progressively vital viewpoint to their online business stage and sites. This system incorporates the ramifications of convenience and security factors. One of the key achievements of an online business site is in improving and ad libbing the convenience of web based business stage by thinking about clients inclinations. Client inclinations can be clarified as a combinational inclination and perspectives of clients for the interface and useful structure of the internet business stage. This impacts clients choice and conduct. Considering the clients inclinations inside an internet business stage upgrades clients fulfillment and builds clients devotion to the stage. The other part of introducing the confidence and trust inside the client is by introducing a conviction that all is good and in disguise feeling to stay away from the dread of online burglary and cheat. Moreover, the internet business sites are likewise giv en the affirmation of wellbeing, security and assurances by revising different changes in the IT online market. This factor is additionally expanding the quantity of energetic clients in the worldwide field of online web based business field. The developing number of clients and other related variables like business development and success looks for appropriate administration of this web based business sites. They have to deal with the issue all the more delicately and truly and need to top off each proviso inside their framework. Furthermore, the matter of this internet business sites stands and depends vigorously on consumer loyalty and inputs. The online business sites need to extemporize and make their security estimations and ease of use extraordinary. This won't just assistance their business advancement yet additionally introduce digital morals and qualities inside the worldwide market of commercialization. Presentation Making a sheltered and secure programming program is a multifaceted and tedious system that looks to harbor continued testing factors, for example, usefulness, versatility, clearness, efficiency, and so forth. Programming building investigation has recently centered around modernizing and improving the displaying capacities considering the non-utilitarian supplies, for example, unfaltering quality, execution issue tolerance, and wellbeing. In this paper, we have concentrated on different security issues and convenience of internet business sites. Strategies and methods to coordinate security issues in programming diagram have just been built (Hartanoet al. 2014). Notwithstanding, there is one fundamental aspect of the plan of mind boggling and composite secure frameworks, which has consistently been disregarded by different notable web based business associations. Ongoing examinations in the field of Human Computer Interactions in Security representthat security forms that don't work in field practice and application are not strong. The greater part of the examination in online business security program and ease of use stresses on providing better and improved (UIs), however it is clear that convenience issues with secure frameworks are something other than UIs and requires pertinence of different related factors and plan system (Kamoun and Halaweh, 2012). Be that as it may, secure frameworks don't remain alive in void; they get by for giving individuals and human race with various offices and utilities. This procedure can't work without the support of individuals (the clients and customers). In security, the point of convergence will in general spotlight on those undesirable individuals who need to abuse the framework (programmers and aggressors). This is to the damage the customary and normal clients, who play as a critical division in protecting it. Any protected framework is a socio-specialized framework, and the necessities, examination, and configuration process must think about this. Most countermeasures need the support of open at some stage (Schumacher et al. 2013). Clients can have altogether differing degrees of getting, experience, perception and skill. Planning a framework that reasonably helps these opposing degrees of capacity and inclination, it requiresbasic preparing system if the countermeasures are to so dependable. Hence, the structure and the improvement of a protected programming framework need the expansion of one more fundamental necessity: ease of use. This valuable necessity dispatches an extra layer of multifaceted nature in the advancement pro cedure. The fundamental point and target of this undertaking work are to talk about the potential security concern and ease of use in a web based business site (Konradtet al. 2012). Likewise, simultaneously, this paper centers around different variables that could upgrade and introduce improvement to these significant components. Writing audit The ubiquity of an internet business site depends on its ease of use and security factors. Keeping up a choice security gives client faithfulness and trust. The greater part of the celebrated web based business locales utilize most recent advances to convey customers with first class wellbeing and confirmation. These methods incorporate the joining of SSL (Secure attachment layer) to give a safe HTTP (HTTPS) by encoding the information moved (Bansal, Sethi and Kataria, 2015). Also, the client should be completely mindful of the way that their information is shielded before directing an online buy from any internet business site (Hartono et al. 2013). Different strategies like Digital marks, Digital testaments, Cryptography, Anti-infection usage, IDS incorporated firewall execution, utilization of Cisco switch, legitimate log announcing, default ports changing, appropriate observing and examination, refreshing programming patches, have checking and actualizing validation conventions a re directed to give security to the clients (Fulton et al. 2013). These days each online business sites are focusing more on giving appropriate ease of use to its customers. The interfaces inside the website pages are made extremely basic and easy to understand so everybody can utilize it with no trouble (Distanteet al. 2014). The principle reason for this ease of use factor is to give better encounters to clients to fulfill and provide food their necessities. Different internet business sites are leading investigations on standards, component, qualities, networks, property and attributes of a client (Grigeraet al. 2013). In light of these variables the web based business is building their site page stages in the ongoing course of events. Different web based business organizations and sites are quickening quick and thinking of new security systems for its clients. As of late, eBay presented a security key gadget for its customers and clients. This key dandy arbitrarily creates a six-digit extraordinary security code that every now and again changes inside a period length of 30 seconds (Taveau, Nahari and Ebay Inc. 2014). This is a method of the confirmation system, which can't be penetrated by any programmers. Another driving name in the worldwide online business advertise amazon.co.uk is likewise centered around upgrading its security in the worldwide internet business part (Balduzziet al. 2012). They are presently following a Safe Harbor Framework to ensure the protection and the security of its clients. This SH Framework bolsters solid encryption approach to give standard security highlights to its clients (Connolly, 2013). In addition, amazon.co.uk has embraced the Secure Socket Layer (SSL) innovation that is give n by VeriSign to furnish its clients with interminable security back up. The SSL specialist organizations encode the information and convey the message (data) to the host when a client enters his/her charge card subtleties (Soghoian and Stamm, 2012). This encryption strategy is trailed by different other online protections amazon.co.uk have made sure about its online exchange framework (Ismail, 2015). In addition, the other online security administrations followed by amazon.co.uk are advanced testaments in web server, SSL encryption, open key cryptography and access control list (ACL). Aside from eBay and amazon.co.uk other e-Companies like Argos, Next.co.uk, and Tesco are accentuating more on expanding the client security of its sites. Presently, Argos is furnishing its clients with Secured code for Visa and Master Card for giving on the web installment security to the clients (Siwach, 2014). Argos Company has experienced an organization program with the different Master card and Visa card suppliers and coordinately created different Visas with novel and solid code numbers. This code numbers acts like an online PIN number for use on Argos.co.uk site. This procedure gives the clients incredible security and protection (Dwivediet al. 2013). Adding to this, the SSL convention and encryption of client information is additionally acted in the online internet business site of Argos. Much other online UK based internet business organizations like Next.co.uk and Tesco follow a vigorous convention for giving wellbeing and security to its clients. This wellbeing and securit y estimation incorporates SSL servers, advanced mark, encryption, cryptography, against infection execution, firewall application and legitimate observing framework (Zhang et al. 2012). All these previously mentioned organizations like eBay, amazon.co.uk, Argos, Next.co.uk, and Tesc

OCD Reassurance Seeking Why Harmful and How to Deal

OCD Reassurance Seeking Why Harmful and How to Deal OCD Living With OCD Print OCD and Excessive Reassurance Seeking Providing reassurance to someone with OCD can make the issue worse By Owen Kelly, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 20, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 09, 2020 laflor/Getty Images More in OCD Living With OCD Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Types Related Conditions One of the things that  family and friends of people affected by obsessive-compulsive disorder  (OCD) find to be the most stressful when interacting with their loved one is the excessive reassurance-seeking that can often accompany the condition. Excessive reassurance seeking is the need to check in with someone over and over again to make sure everything is OK with respect to a particular worry or obsession. While responding may seem supportive, it only serves to perpetuate OCD behaviors and thoughts. Examples of Excessive Reassurance Seeking Excessive reassurance seeking is a compulsive act done in hopes of reducing the anxiety associated with an obsession. The compulsion often goes up when levels of distress are high and/or when the person feels unable to tolerate uncertainty. What people feel the need to be reassured about varies, but there are often consistent themes for each individual. Running through a few hypothetical examples can help illustrate the various forms this tendency can take and how those around people with OCD may respond. Safety Paola experiences obsessions related to hitting someone while driving her car and not realizing it. When on the road, she asks her husband to look in the rearview mirror over and over again to make sure that pedestrians are safe. Although annoyed, her husband does not want her to feel anxious, so he does as asked and tells her everything is OK. Sexual Thoughts Jake has sexual obsessions related to raping a stranger. Even though Jake finds these thoughts distressing and does not want to have them, he is convinced these thoughts mean that he is a molester. He is constantly asking his brother whether that is true and whether he has ever seen him harm someone in this way. His brother refuses to discuss the issue, which causes Jake to become even more distressed. Health Donna is extremely worried that she will contract a sexually transmitted disease from doorknobs in public places. After washing her hands, she will often ask a friend, or even a stranger if her anxiety is high enough, whether her hands look clean or whether she should be worried about contracting an illness. Even if they tell her that she shouldnt be worried, she asks a number of but what if questions until she feels completely confident that her hands are clean. Friends and family now avoid going with her to public places because of her behavior. Death Zhang has obsessions related to his spouse dying in an accident. He will often call her many times a day at work to make sure she is alive and will sometimes become angry if he is unable to speak with her. His wifes coworkers have started to become concerned about the number of times he calls her at the office, and she is worried about the impact of this behavior on her career. How It Can Backfire No doubt, if you cater to someones excessive reassurance-seeking, your intentions are probably in the right place. It can be difficult to watch someone, especially someone you love, struggle in such a way, so your inclination may be to simply give them what they seemingly need to feel better. However, in the end, your efforts are likely only hardening the hold OCD has on them. It can also end up having a negative effect on you. Excessive reassurance seeking can result in the following unwanted results: It Gives the Obsession Validation Every time someone with OCD engages in a compulsion, it serves to reinforce the validity of the worry or obsession. After all, why seek reassurance if there is nothing to worry about? It Promotes Avoidance   It also reinforces the idea that the person cannot cope with the uncertainty or distress associated with an obsession, and that avoidance is the only way to deal with it. Avoidance is particularly harmful in the case of OCD as it keeps the person from discovering that their fears may be unfounded. Although excessive reassurance makes the person feel better in the short-term, in the long-term it only serves to perpetuate the symptoms of OCD. Its Harmful to Relationships   Friends and family members, who are often vital sources of social support, often become annoyed and withdraw from the affected person, which only serves to raise stress levels for all parties. Of course, stress is a major trigger of OCD symptoms and needs to be managed effectively. Providing Helpful Support Understanding that excessive reassurance-seeking is a compulsion that needs to be reduced or eliminated is the first step. This can often be done very effectively in family meetings facilitated by a mental health care provider or OCD therapist. Broadly speaking, there are two key strategies to keep in mind: Agree to Stop In the context of OCD treatment, patients, family, and friends alike must agree that asking for/providing excessive reassurance needs to stop. This can be difficult  for everyone. However, once family members realize that excessive reassurance-seeking is a form of compulsion, many are able to commit to this. Target the Main Issues It is often helpful for those with OCD and their family members to identify a number of situations in which the need for excessive reassurance arises and write down the response the individual typically seeks (such as your hands are clean and disease-free) on a card. He or she can then agree to pull out the card and read it whenever they would otherwise directly ask someone for the answer. While this still represents a compulsion, it reduces distress within the family and improves relationships with others. With respect to reducing the reassurance-seeking itself, one of the most effective strategies can be to teach your loved one with OCD  strategies for dealing with uncertainty.

Australian Health Care Essay - 847 Words

Oral health in Australia is a concern. The impact of poor dental health can instigate ulcers, gingivitis, gum disease and damage one’s overall health. Tooth decay is extensive among Australian adults, and tooth aches are a considerable amount of hospital admission for children (Parliament of Australia, 2013). Two in three children aged 14 years have deteriorated permanent teeth, while three in ten adults receive no treatment at all. Adults living in rural Australia are 1.7 times more likely to have no teeth than those in major cities. 14 percent of children and 37 percent of adults avoid or delaying seeing a dentist due to costs (Australian Institude of Health and Welfare, 2012). The advantages of installing a dental program within†¦show more content†¦The impact on the health system alone will have a dynamic consequences for younger Australians. Financing this becomes problematic, Australia already spends 9.5 percent of gross domestic product (GPI) was health care services (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2013) and costs will only escalate. The health workforce in 2011 had 3.3 doctors and 10.1 nurses per 100 000 population however 25 percent of those were over the age of 55 years (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2013). Then there is community expectations on receiving services free or at a very low cost. Not to mentation globalisation which requires high efficient technology to transmit information internationally and finally government overregulation. Ensuring effective and cost efficient health care is not an easy battle however, some pre-planning is required. Similar to superannuation funds, a foundation needs to be established for each Australian worker, then a percentage of their income should be paid directly into this reserve and may be drawn against when health care issues arise. This would elevate some of the financing pressure and community expectations. The Medicare levy tax would still be charged to cover medical training, research, technology and assist vulnerable Australians. Prevention campaigns and early detection screeningsShow MoreRelatedThe Australian Health Care System1347 Words   |  6 PagesTHE AUSTRALIAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEM The Australian health care system is a highly functioning and accessible system in the whole world. Our Health System is shaped around many factors including; age, race, health, socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds, health history and location. There are many facets of the Australian Health care System. It doesn’t just include the local doctor; there are many other services that are a part of a larger network. There are many governing bodies that enable the policyRead MoreThe Australian Health Care System Essay1657 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Australian health care system is a highly functioning and accessible system based on universal principles of access and equity†. This essay discusses the history and inception of the Australian Healthcare system, how it is funded through the Government and the public income. How and where healthcare is delivered and its effectiveness, including issues and priorities according to current healthcare policies and national standards. The Indigenous Australian people have practiced traditional â€Å"healthcare†Read MoreEssay on Australian Health Care2249 Words   |  9 PagesThe Australian population currently exceeds 20 million, with most of the population located primarily in the cities and along the coast; it also spreads to rural and remote indigenous communities. The Australian Government spends in excess of 66 billion dollars per year on health care, averaging out to approx $3,300 per person. (Medicare Australia 2009) This essay will discuss the structure of Australia’s healthcare system, known as Medicare. It will also discuss the role of the Government andRead MoreThe Australian Health Care System1528 Words   |  7 PagesThe Australian health care system is a highly functioning and accessible system based on universal principles of access and equity. In this essay I will discuss the historical evolution and current structure of our health system, identifying current health service models of delivery and look at its strengths, weaknesses, policies and health priorities currently in Australia. I will discuss the roles of government and non-government health services in service provision and funding sources of AustralianRead MoreAustralian Health Care Services For Indigenous Australians2176 Words   |  9 Pageshas been observed that Indigenous Australians face deprivation to a range of services including primary health care, due to various factors such as cultural barrier, environmental factors and racism. As a result, there was increase in the rate of obesity, overweight, chronic diseases and mortality rate. However, Australian governments have introduced programs that increase the availability of services to rural and remote areas but still Indigenous Australian’s health needs urgent consideration. ThereforeRead MoreAustralian Health Care with Comparision to the U.S2760 Words   |  12 PagesComparison of Health Care Services between the U.S. and Australia Professor Madelin Meyer 12/9/2011 Dennis M. Depugh | Table of Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..3 What is a health care system†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 Affordable Health Care Act†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Availability of Health Services†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦4 Life Expectancy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦6 Health care system in Australia†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 Issues related to health care accessRead MoreMedical Dominance and Its Role in Australian Health Care11658 Words   |  47 PagesMedical dominance in Australia Within Australia, medicine has traditionally dominated every facet of health care delivery (Germov, 2002; Willis, 1989). The professional status that medicine holds in Australia has been gained by means of its historical and political advantages (Germov, 2002; Willis, 1989). Willis’s (1989) seminal work on medical dominance provides an extensive review of medical relationships and the power that medicine yields. Historically, in Australia, medicine gained itsRead MoreAustralian Health Care and Reform Essay example3443 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction A country’s health care system refers to all the institutions, programs, personnel, procedures, and the resources that are used to meet the health needs of its population. Health care systems vary from one country to another, depending on government policies and the health needs of the population. Besides, health care programs are flexible in the sense that they are tailored to meet health needs as they arise. Among the stakeholders in the formulation of a country’s health care system are governmentsRead MoreMedical Dominance Is A Concept Within The Australian Health Care System1369 Words   |  6 PagesMedical dominance is a concept within the Australian health care system which majorly impacts general practitioners (GPs), through giving them power over the associated economics and business of health services. This is specifically exemplified in their role within the health care system under the Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS), wherein they act as the primary care se rvice providers in Australia. With reference to the private sector, the position of power given to GPs is exemplified through theirRead MoreEssay On Australian Health Care1125 Words   |  5 Pages The Country of Australia has different medical techniques and traditions than the United States. The Australian healthcare is mostly made up of private medical practitioners or by the government-operated hospitals. The cost of the services is paid by private insurance or government agencies. The Australian government provides its people with Medicare. They have a medical visa for anyone outside of Australia. To be eligible for this visa you have to have a medical procedure in Australia, becoming

Media Analysis of Gender Essay - 1758 Words

First of all, in The Simpsons, the scene where we get into the actual plot of the story opens with Marge and Lisa walking into a department store that sells dolls. The gender stereotype that girls are only interested in playing with dolls is reinforced here as a huge selection of Malibu Stacy dolls is on display with a throng of screeching, bloodthirsty girls tearing the store apart. Lisa says, â€Å"I’m warning you mom, I might get a little crazy.† and immediately knocks down a girl and snatches another in a choke-hold to be the first in line for the new Malibu Stacy doll. In the very next scene we have the whole family in the car with Homer driving. He is baking a cupcake with an easy-bake-oven that he bought from the mall. Marge advises him†¦show more content†¦The show makes an obvious distinction between how men/boys and women/girls act. Anyway, the episode continues with lisa playing with her doll pretending that Malibu Stacy is giving a speech at the U.N , but Lisa is disappointed when she realizes that the new and improved doll says sexist remarks such as â€Å"don’t ask me, I’m just a girl† and â€Å"let’s buy make up so that boys will like us!†. Lisa goes on a rant about how â€Å"millions of girls will grow up thinking that this is the right way to act! That they cannot be anything more than vacuous ninnies...!†and gets really mad when Bart does not understand why she is so upset. The difference in communication styles is shown here as Lisa is more adept with words than Bart is as Bart can only give Lisa a stupid reply like â€Å"that’s what I was going to say.† This illustrates the stereotype that girls are more expressive and sensitive than boys are. On the other hand, Marge plays the more traditional housewife as her mind never delves into issues that are not relevant to the domestic center; she is not privy to relevant discussions on social issues like Lisa and cannot u nderstand why Lisa is so upset. She said that Lisa had been speaking up â€Å"an awful lot lately.† This suggests that typical lady-like behavior does not include speaking out and that the mother should enforce positive female behavior. Additionally, inShow MoreRelatedEssay on Inequalities as Portrayed in the Media: a Gender Analysis3248 Words   |  13 PagesInequalities as Portrayed in the Media: A Gender Analysis Media plays a big role in conventional Canadian society. It is becoming more and more influential and a bigger part of everyone’s daily lives. Since the invention and spread of the use of the printing press in the mid fifteen-hundreds, societies have been able to produce mass quantities of information available to the general public. Books were printed and made available to a large audience, replacing word of mouth communication aboutRead MorePinterest Boards And Youtube Videos That Deliver Makeup806 Words   |  4 Pagesdeliver makeup tutorials flood social media. Television shows that chronicle cupcake shops and DIY home improvement flourish. As these feminized forms of media thrive in the pop culture of our early twenty-first century, contemporary gender scholars take up the task of analyzing the social, economic, and cultural meaning they create. Does fashion blogging reify certain norms of femininity, or challenge them? What does the act of selling cupcakes have to do with gender? What does the popularity of 50 ShadesRead MoreMedia Based On Social Stereotypes930 Words   |  4 PagesThis paper includes critical analysis of media based on social stereotypes. There are two advertisements used one is based on gender inequality and the other is based on the gender biased and racial inequality. These two advertisement’s provides a good example of how media influences society. Analysis of these advertisement will show how the creator of the advertisement uses social stereotypes. Advertisement 1 analysis Nowadays the representation of gender in media has become very common. It isRead MoreGender Roles And The Media867 Words   |  4 Pagessee women in the media have many roles that men have, such as, police officer, doctor and running to become president, while a nurse and teacher have emerged as both men and women jobs. Over time, the media show how gender role had changed but are what the media is showing the truth about the gender roles in the United States. Historian and scholar had written about this subject of gender roles and how the media affect our view. Thesis statement Reality vs. Fiction Is the media giving the publicRead MoreCritical Discourse Analysis1510 Words   |  7 PagesCritical Discourse Analysis Social communication is increasingly becoming a subject of scientists’ discussions from different disciplines, as well as ordinary language users.  In contemporary social sciences, especially in linguistics, we see a clear shift to discourse.  Discourse allows us to talk about use of the language, as well as the language as a socio-cultural activity.  In this sense, discourse, on one hand, reflects the social reality, on the other hand, it shapes it, therefore participateRead MoreThe Exploration Of Feminist Theory Essay1536 Words   |  7 Pagestheory is based on the common ideology of feminism within the Communication world. Illustrating gender inequality the feminist theory analysis into the social fields of politics, business, media platforms, and social normalities. Research traditions include socio-psychology and semiotics due to the cause and effect relationships that help create social standards while also the symbolic forms of media that influence how people per ceive and view women. The epistemology foundation used in this theoryRead MoreThe Communications Reinforcement Theory And Its Effects On Society997 Words   |  4 Pagesassumption is that individuals who possess a liking or passion for all forms of media will reinforce this feeling by indulging in media consumption and production. This leads to several hypotheses that may be verified by empirical evidence from college campuses. The overarching hypothesis here is that students who consume one form of mass media, such as T.V., will also exhibit parallel tendencies of consumption to other forms of media such as social networking sites or recorded music. To test this generalRead MoreA Modern Wall Street Journal Survey1537 Words   |  7 Pagesdepicted in advertising in Canada. Methodology In order to address the research propositions of the study, the encore needed a method for mention the types of pistillate portrayals featuring in the context of consumer magazine advertisements. Con tent analysis was chosen for it is the best at providing â€Å"a scientific, quantitative, and generalizable description of communications content† (Kassarjian, 1977, p. For example, the advertisement for Stove Master, a very-cleaning oven quarantine the women as aRead MoreThe Social Of Social Media Essay1529 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Media Checklist. The number and type of social media sites participants utilize will be measured using a social media checklist. The Social Media checklist consists of (e.g. Ask:fm, Facebook, Flicker, Google+ Instagram, Linkedin, Myspace, Pinterest, QQ Reddit, Snapchat, Skype Tinder, Tumblr, Twitter, Vine, WeChat, Youtube). Raters will check all forms of social media utilized. An average social media checklist is of interest. Higher scores indicate increased social media sites usage. LowerRead MoreGender And The Media By Rosalind Gill1596 Words   |  7 Pages Book Review of Gender and the Media by Rosalind Gill Gender and the Media by Rosalind Gill addresses gender stereotypes that are brought onto women and men through the media resulting in objectification and subjectification. Gill discusses how the representation of gender is altered as a result of the media in Western societies. Gender and the Media is aimed to address the rapid transmission of media and how those changes affect the construction of feminine and masculine gender roles in society

Are Liberty and Equality Compatible Free Essays

string(25) " us in any way possible\." â€Å"Two Concepts of Liberty† defined the distinction between positive liberty and negative liberty. He defined positive liberty as the ability to fulfill one own potential. This Is typified by the phrase â€Å"l am my own master†. We will write a custom essay sample on Are Liberty and Equality Compatible? or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example, if I really want to become an economist, then I would be positively free if not discouraged. Negative liberty is defined as â€Å"freedom from external constraint†. The Implications of Positive and Negative Liberty A sketch by Eddie Izard entitled â€Å"Cake or death†4 offers to people exactly that. We might think that be fully free but even the most ardent of fitness fanatics would of course pick cake. Alternatively, a feared, violent and ruthless highwayman offering you â€Å"your money or your Life†5 may illustrate the point. Assuming that we know the highwayman not to be bluffing, not even Scrooge himself would keep his money. Whilst the above two examples are possible to envisage, It Is clear that they are not part of your average society and a more realistic example may be prudent. Many prostitutes can and do hate their jobs, however, they often have no alternative to it, even when not forced to do so. There are several reasons why a prostitute would continue to remain in the trade. A study by London South Bank University identified 9 barriers to exist including drug addiction, lack of education and social stigma. The implications are that we are sometimes faced with decisions where there is only one legalistic possible option. Indeed, a determinist would go as far to argue that we are faced all the time with decisions where there is only one possible outcome and we do not have free will at all and everything is – in principle – predicable. It is clear that we cannot mean free to mean negatively free. However, the argument that freedom Is possible becomes much less tenuous when one considers being positively free. It Is defined as the ability to maximize one’s potential, given the current state of resources available to people. â€Å"Positive liberty Is the possibility of acting ? or the fact of acting ? in such a way as to take control of one’s life and realize one’s fundamental teacher, then he would be positively free if he is able to realism his aims. In short, he is able to maximize his potential. A misconception of Equality Some of the more pedantic among us could argue that equality is possible. Certainly in areas such as mathematics this is true. A simple example such as 8 +7=1 5 shows that equality can exist. However, it is very clear that this is not what one means by equality in this sense. Many would assume that perhaps equality should be defined then as the equal allocation of resources. However, in the context of animal ethics, Peter Singer argued that it this kind of equality is impossible and should not be defined as such; it seems impractical and perhaps immoral for this to be the case. â€Å"Humans have interests in mountain-climbing and skiing, in seeing the world and sampling different cultures. Cows like lush pasture and shelter from harsh weather. Hence to deny humans the right to travel from outside Devon would be to restrict their rights significantly; it would not be a significant restriction for the rights of cows. â€Å"8 However, to avoid complications, we shall not concern ourselves with the epic of equality between animals and humans. Despite this, it can still be applied in the context of between Just humans. For example, it is impractical or pointless to grant women the right to prostate examinations or to equally allocate cricket bats among footballers and cricketers alike. A critique of Singer’s claim above could be done by using the following simple example. Imagine two people, Sam and Simon. Sam inherited a large estate, and is very wealthy, despite a lack of talent, determination or ambition. Alternatively, Simon despite being talented and ambitious received a poor quality of education and comes from a low income family. Although Singer has debunked the argument that equality means the equal allocation of resources, to many this would still seem unfair. However, Singer offers a counter proposal where the impetus of his argument is equal consideration. This is a broadly abstract term but can be applied to many contemporary and relevant examples. For example, laws regarding maternity and paternity leave or resolving conflict between settlers to an area and to indigenous people. Most significantly, Singer’s example could be applied in the context of macroeconomics, in that whilst equality is not honeymoon with social mobility and meritocracy, it can work in close conjunction with the two. State of Nature Before examining the compatibility of the two in a society, it seems prudent to examine whether the two can be compatible without a society, in a State of Nature and synonymous to many as a dyspepsia. A state of nature is a hypothetical thought experiment designed to investigate what a pre-societal life would be like for people. In his Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes posited the claim that, â€Å"a free man is he that in those things which by his strength and wit he is able to do is not hindered to do what e hath the will to do†9, alluding to liberty in its negative sense. He argued, that in the state of nature, liberty did not exist, because actions were hindered by fear of death and fear of the power of others. Despite saying that freedom can only truly exist under a sovereign, Hobbes alludes to liberty in the negative sense. Indeed, others have interpreted his works for people However, people are free in that they interpretation of his own work seems desperately counter intuitive. However, Hobbes has only discussed how we are not free in the negative sense. However, this may not be the case for positive freedom. We are free to maximize our potential. There is no State or Government to restrict us in any way possible. You read "Are Liberty and Equality Compatible?" in category "Papers" Hobbes also comments that men are by nature equal in their powers, as even â€Å"the weakest has strength enough to kill the strongest, either by secret machination, or by confederacy with others, that are in the same danger as himself. 10 One can therefore conclude that humans are free and equal in a State of Nature, an abstract thought experiment. However, this is neither desirable nor permanent. It is a poor quality of freedom and equality in that the standard. In a State of Nature being free and equal means that we are free and equal to be violent against each other and live the â€Å"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short life†1 1 that Hobbes so described. Bringing abstract theory into reality We can establish that these two arguments so that liberty and equality are theoretically possible, however, the question is now is whether these arguments have practical implications. However, what does it mean to be human? Humans are naturally social beings with our own societal friendships, families and relationships. As Hummed pointed out, social contract theory is an unhelpful fiction, because social organization is natural for us is natural. Indeed, a very clear example would be that we all grow up, learn values, language and develop knowledge through parenting, and through social interaction and as a result through discipline, leadership and rules. Therefore, a state of nature must be fiction. Furthermore, equality is referred to as equal consideration, however in a State of Nature, there is no government present to â€Å"equally consider†. Therefore, one has to revert to the equal allocation of resources, and Hobbes argues that reso urces are shared equally, in that people have roughly the same amount of intelligence, muscle and weaponry. However, the equal allocation of resources is something this thesis is trying to revert from. A Utopia? There are three branches of ethics, utilitarianism, deontological and virtue. And in all three of them liberty and equality are highly desirable. For example, given that Utilitarianism has its definition coined as â€Å"the maximum amount of happiness for the maximum amount of people†13, and one does not need to Justify for the purposes of this essay that liberty and equality are most often highly desirable in society. It would therefore seem prudent to examine a utilitarianism society, and examine whether liberty and equality may be possible. In Aloud Huxley â€Å"Brave New World†, a caste system is depicted with the inhabitants ranked from alpha through to epsilon. 14 Despite height, appearance and Jobs available being dependent on what class one is, each person is conditioned before birth (though that is an inappropriate word to use) and each class is perfectly content to remain in their class and does not aspire to be of any other class. Many would repulsed by this state – and whilst it seems desperately counter-intuitive, both freedom and equality can be obtained. Indeed, some would consider the caste system to be not far short of slavery, omitting clearly not very equal. However, equality as equal consideration is allowed for, each individual conditioned with their happiness being viewed in the same equal extent that they are positively free and are able to maximize their potential in their designated class. 15 It seems then that in this example, liberty and equality are compatible. Whilst this fictitious society leaves a lot to be desired, it may be useful to have a look at how this society was reached and see if this can be paralleled in reality. The logical conclusion of capitalism There may be faults with the feasibility of a utopia as well. Huxley assumes that Brave New World is the logical end of capitalism. All activity is aimed at continued consumption, for example the slogan of â€Å"ending is better than mending†16. All obstacles to consumption are removed. Mass production, God and individualism are institutionalized. In order to maintain this freedom, the means of production must be controlled. Utopia translates from Greek meaning â€Å"no place†. 17 Essentially, it means that it does not exist. While there are certainly parallels with society, this is not how capitalism will end, and this is for four interlinked reasons. Firstly, the notion of illogical mass production of humans is deeply concerning and a vital premise to the Huxley argument. One can quite reasonably assert the claim that this will never happen. Secondly, there is a lack of relationships, in the book the notion of family and parenthood is treated with shock and disdain, and as a result society is equal for the reasons given above. However, the notion of family and parenthood does exist, and this can have drastic consequences for the logical conclusion of capitalism. With nepotism and the accumulation of capital there is a case that there is a shift to patrimonial capitalism. However, this will be discussed in more detail later. But most importantly, the logical conclusion to capitalism does not take into consideration how human beings are not always rational. Long before the term behavioral economics was coined, Huxley assumed that â€Å"Homo Economics†18 would prevail. However, people do not always make decisions that maximize their welfare. A very simple argument will show this point to be correct; this is known as the Gambler’s Fallacy. 19 When at a roulette table, people will often assume that if at a table, the roulette wheel has shown to be the color red the previous six times, then it is more likely to e on the seventh spin. However, a simple math experiment with a roulette wheel or a computer will show this to be incorrect, and statistical theory on independence provides the reasoning behind this. Even it were rational to Join this kind of society, the likelihood of this happening is not secure. A Thought Experiment With the exception of a conclusion, the rest of this thesis, will analyses and evaluate reasons why freedom and equality may not be practical in society today. A fully free state shall be assumed, and the question will be posed asking if equality can be produced as a by- product alongside. Finally, the thesis will question the aforementioned assumption in two different ways. The Assumption of a Fully Free State To many this seems like capitalism. However, capitalism is far too broad and can name suggests implies that the state is involved and does not prohibit freedom. Laissez-fairer capitalism might be more prudent as a result. We shall now assume that a fully free state but be one determined by market forces, determined by supply and demand in order for me to be positively free and maximize citizen’s potential. The First Reason – How Liberty Upsets Patterns This heading is not original, it is on page 160 of Robert Nicks book â€Å"Anarchy State ND Utopia†, the heading alludes to an often quoted example of a successful basketball called player Wilt Chamberlain, which is pertinent. In this world, everyone earns exactly the same salary and money is distributed evenly. At each home game, he receives 25 cents from every person playing the game. To the customers, this seems reasonable – he is very good at basketball. If one million watch him play during the season, Chamberlain has $250,000. He has more money than someone else. 20 Let us extend the analogy further so that everyone else earns a sum of $25,000 a year. It seems that although Chamberlain may have more money than everyone else it is not a problem, because this equality can include a meritocracy and equality is defined as equal consideration. This might seem Justified because of marginal productivity theory; some would say that Chamberlain works harder and is more productive so he should receive more money than anyone else. However, there are two issues with this theory. The first is that the facts do not support it. As the recession went on bankers such as Fred Goodwin continued to receive bonuses, despite bringing banks to their knees. Even though they were worse than useless, hey were still receiving money despite having a negative marginal productivity theory. Despite The Royal Bank of Scotland (RUBS) going bankrupt, Fred Goodwin receives a IEEE,OHO pension from RUBS. 21 Secondly, despite Wilt Chamberlain earning ten times more than everyone else is it true that he works ten times harder in order to achieve his wealth? The answer is most likely no. In essence there is a sense of disproportion to the extent of the meritocracy. There is a clear opportunity cost; no one was forced to watch him play basketball. They could have spent their money on everything as mundane from tea bags to headphones. This presents some issues, he now has far more money than anyone else does, and this to many seems unequal. In the I-J, the staggering sums of money that footballers earn is a proponent in an argument for inequality- how can It be fair that Wayne Rooney earns more in one week than the average person earns in 10 years? But this is unequal. The Second Reason – Rent Seeking Economies It is necessary to delineate between two different types of economy, wealth generating and rent seeking. Wealth generating refers to ways of earning money whilst increasing the output of the economy at the same time. A quintessential example would be innovation such as Tyson vacuum cleaners. Rent seeking is defined as â€Å"when a company, organization or individual uses their resources to obtain an economic gain from others without reciprocating any of the benefits back into society through wealth creation. â€Å"22 Here, a useful example would be through a usefully entitled â€Å"The Locust and the Bee†. 23 Here, the locust is analogous to the rent seeking economy and the bee the wealth generating economy. The economist Joseph Zeitgeist has argued that rent-seeking is a large contributor to income inequality in the United States through lobbying for government policies hat let the wealthy and powerful get income, not as a reward for creating wealth, but by grabbing a larger share of the wealth that would otherwise have been produced without their effort. As Paul Grumman points out, most of the richest 1% in the world are generally not the innovators such as Bill Gates or Mark Suckering, but generally those with a much lower marginal productivity, such as Fred Goodwin or C. Douglas McMillan. Furthermore, despite these low marginal productivities, their income, (in America at least) has increased as seen in the graph below. The Third Reason – The Fall of The American Dream? As Josef Zeitgeist points out, Paul Ryan made a speech saying that despite the US Gin coefficient rising, what is really the most significant is equality of opportunity. 24 The question, is can there be equality of opportunity. It is true that the â€Å"Rags to Riches† story as examples well documented across the world with everyone from Will. . Am to Opera Winfred, but as Zeitgeist asserts, the reason they are so well documented is because they are so rare. Given that, the question is do we always have to have an inequality of opportunity, and the answer to that is yes. The first premise that all else rests on is that equality of opportunity must rest on not only a good but equal education. Given that equal opportunity largely manifests itself in a meritocracy. The seco nd premise of the argument is that having an equal education is unattainable. Even if private schools were completely abolished, if money was spent on students exactly proportional to their needs and the best teachers were distributed around the country exactly proportional to where they should be then equality of opportunity may not work for one key reason – chaos theory. The tiniest of changes in an education can lead to drastic consequences, for example, a certain book could be pivotal in attending a place at a prestigious university. Moreover, despite a standardized education, differences in education at home are beyond the state’s control. The First Critique Of The Assumption However, Zeitgeist says, â€Å"Markets don’t exist in a vacuum†25. Indeed, they must be shaped, mainly through the laws of that country. In the USA in the government gave holders of derivatives priority over bankruptcy. This was seen in its bail out of insurer Alga to the tune of $1 ban. This creates a â€Å"heads I win, tails you lose† situation. The first reason why laissez-fairer capitalism does not work is because the way that the market exists is though legislature which undermines what laissez-fairer capitalism sets out to achieve. The Second Critique of the Assumption- The Growth of Capital in the 21st Century The idea that inherited wealth will always grow faster than earned wealth is the main impetus of Thomas Picket’s book â€Å"Capital in the 21st Century’. Pickett argues that as captures in the expression r g, where r is the rate of return to wealth and g is the economic growth rate. Other things being equal, faster economic growth will monish the importance of wealth in a society, whereas slower growth will increase it. However, there are no natural forces pushing against the steady concentration of wealth. Only a burst of rapid growth (from technological progress or rising population) or government intervention can be counted on to keep economies from returning to the â€Å"patrimonial capitalism†. Furthermore, demographics can influence this point. Writes Pickett, â€Å"Consider a world in which each couple has ten children, it is better as a general rule to not count on too much on inherited wealth, because the Emily wealth will divide by ten with each new generation. In such a society the people will have wealth diminished by 10 each generation. 26 Therefore, given that fertility rates are falling all over the world, this means that wealth will be more concentrated in the future. Regardless of the graph below, some people having more money than others can still be equal, and feel that Pickett makes a generalization as a result. However, he argues that people having more money often leads to a fall in social mobility and as a result, increased inequality of opportunity. There is now a event to patrimonial capitalism which is known more informally as crony capitalism. Given how equality is defined as equal consideration and social mobility is key, he argues that not only do some people have more money than others but social mobility is at an all time low. 27 Conclusion It seems that practically, in some form of Utopia akin to â€Å"A Brave New World† or in a State of Nature, the two may both be possible. However, in feasible ideologies, there are impossible. This is because how in a free society, issues. However, the link between equality being defined as equal consideration and equality as the equal allocation of resources is tenuous. The argument of chaos theory may be weak, as people may still be free in that they can maximize their positive liberty in that they can still maximize their potential. Chaos theory only affects the extent to which potential can be reached – not the other way around. In order for this thesis to be stronger, the link between the two warrants further exploration. Perhaps an exploration of Aristotle opinion on equality might be useful to unpick what equality means, as it depends how we look at equality. â€Å"Justice is equality, but only for equals, ND Justice is inequality, but only for those who are unequal†28. This needs further exploration. It seems that practically, in some form of Utopia akin to â€Å"A Brave New World† or in a State of Nature, the two may both be possible. However, in feasible ideologies, these are unlikely. This is because how in a free society, issues. However, the arguments mainly take the form of an inductive argument as shown below. 1. This example (from Nonionic) shows that under a certain societal ideology the two are incompatible, 2. This example (from Pickett) shows the same 3. Therefore, the two are incompatible This is akin to â€Å"Black Swan Theory’, identified by Massif Tale. If one sees a series of the case. Critically, its implications are that no one argument, shows the two to be inversely proportional to each other – for example, as you have more freedom, you get less equality. Whilst the arguments themselves do not prove that as the two are incompatible, they very much support the arguments. Perhaps further discourse is needed to prove – through a deductive argument – that the two are incompatible. Although the simple fact that social mobility is falling, especially as countries become ore and more privatized, implies that the two cannot work together. However, there is a dim ray of hope, as many of the arguments offer suggestions to solutions to solve these problems. Pickett himself proposes a progressive income tax of up to 80% and a global wealth tax of 2%. Furthermore, a 100% inheritance tax is something that others have suggested. 29 On the other hand, these suggestions are highly controversial and are unlikely to be enforced. Whilst, the two are compatible theoretically, on the current trajectory of society, it seems hugely unlikely that liberty will occur in society in the future. How to cite Are Liberty and Equality Compatible?, Papers

What does successful inclusion look like an Example by

What does successful inclusion look like? Inclusion is a concept that refers to an educators assurance that a child will be given the maximum quality of education in the school or classroom that he or she chooses to attend. This means that the childs needs will be addressed in the specific academic setting chosen and not vice versa. Thus full inclusion would mean that children with special needs would be given the maximum services and support of a given school or teacher without having to move him or her to a special class or school, moved to a different setting. Need essay sample on "What does successful inclusion look like?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The issue of inclusion in schools is a highly controversial topic. The same questions have been asked repeatedly. Are students treated equally in the school systems available today? Is inclusion truly an attainable concept given the present mode of operations of schools and teachers? Despite the efforts, equality between students is not an observable trait of present-day academic institutions. It is clear that the different aspects factoring into the success of inclusion still need to be understood and perfected. One of the more important factors that inclusion are the teachers. The key to successful inclusion lies in the teachers hands. Without the correct confidence and attitude on the teachers part, any given child in a typical classroom setting will not be able to experience true inclusion. It is also important that a teacher have the skill and capacity to deal and serve not only children whose needs are within the norm but also with children having more special needs, such as those with physical handicaps or even those with advanced mental capacities. However, what can boost the more subjective aspects of a teachers craft? Skill can be taught and acquired through time. However, can confidence and the right attitude also be affected by training and experience? This paper aims to understand the effects of training and experience on confidence and teachers attitudes. It also aims to understand the relationship between teachers confidence and attitude in achieving inclusion. It is hypothesized that training and experience are directly related to confidence and attitude. The more training and experience teachers have, the higher their confidence levels and the more positive their attitudes towards inclusion. Teachers confidence and attitudes are also hypothesized to be directly related to successful inclusion. High confidence on the teachers part and a positive attitude will ensure more successful inclusion. A review of a research study by Jung (2007) will show the merits of this hypothesis. The purpose of Jungs (2007) study was to establish the dynamics between training and a candidate teachers confidence level and attitude in dealing with children having special needs. The study looked at four specific questions to direct the research. First, would field experiences or special classes affect attitudes towards inclusion? Second, would the confidence levels and skills of preservice teachers improve if they were tasked to work with children having special needs? Third, how far are training programs for education students going to inform and arm them for inclusion? Fourth, what is included in these training programs? Based on previous studies, Jung hypothesized that field experience and special education classes would increase positive attitude towards inclusion and that confidence levels as well as skill of preservice teachers would increase with more experience in handling children with special needs. Jung (2007) had a sample that consisted of 68 first year students enrolled in Introduction to Teaching in a Diverse Society and 57 student teachers. Results of the study showed that attitudes towards inclusion decreased in favorability after students were exposed to actual teaching experiences. However, training and special courses increased positive attitude towards handling children with special needs thus showing that working with such children worked to improve attitudes as well as confidence levels. This would shape a more positive attitude towards inclusion in general. Results show that training programs should specifically include a focus on increasing confidence levels in preservice teachers as training directly affects both confidence and attitude towards inclusion. Also, focusing on the quality and quantity of the content of training programs with regards to aspects of increasing confidence and fostering positive attitude towards inclusion is necessary. Having educators lea d by example and showing more ways by which different disciplines can be applied to better aid education goals should also be done according to Jung. The study showed clear and distinct ways by which confidence levels, attitudes, inclusion experience and training were related. In conclusion, the initial hypothesis of the paper is well-founded. Confidence levels and attitudes are directly related with training and experience. Also, successful inclusion is directly related with teachers confidence levels and attitudes. Although Jung (2007) performed a good research study, the variables it took into account may have been too many for the method he applied. Further research focusing more clearly on specific variables addressed in Jungs study should be conducted. Also, the sample size used was limited and might have produced results that werent applicable to the general population. A bigger and wider sample size should be used in a replication study. However, despite the limitations of the study, it is clear that the results of this paper and Jungs study have far-reaching implications and wide-serving applications. Education students should be trained not only on the specific subject matters they will be handling but also in the development of their attitudes to the children they will be teaching. Confidence levels should be raised by having them work with students having special needs even before they start actual teaching. Training programs should have modules dedicated entirely to increasing knowledge and skill about inclusion in order to assure greater success rates in the future. With an investment in the training and of future teachers, inclusion has a hope for success in the future. References Jung, W. S. (2007). Preservice teacher training for successful inclusion. Education, 128, 106-113

Should Professional Sports Allow the Use Of Performance Enhancing Drugs

Should Professional Sports Allow the Use Of Performance Enhancing Drugs Introduction Humans have always shown an extraordinary creativity in trying to get a physical edge on other humans. Each innovation has had side effects, both positive and negative. The innovations in techniques that current athletes seek and use to garner a competitive advantage are a natural continuation of this longstanding pattern of behavior.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Should Professional Sports Allow the Use Of Performance Enhancing Drugs? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In recent decades, there has been increasingly comprehensive legislative and regulatory activity at various levels regarding the use of such performance enhancing substances and techniques. There are strongly propounded arguments both for and against these legal and regulatory prohibitions. For sports commissions, in particular, the responsibility of enforcing current laws and rules raises a number of ethical issues. In this pape r, the arguments both for and against the legalization of performance enhancing drugs will be reviewed, and the perspective and ethical considerations relevant to a hypothetical sports commissioner will be examined. For regulatory and legislative bodies, and for the physicians and allied medical personnel involved in the care of athletes, research into the science of performance, and consumer education, it is critical to understand what techniques and substances are currently available and what their impacts are. There are manifold medical arguments against the use of many substances and technologies. However, there are equally strongly held beliefs on the other hand that the use of performance enhancing techniques are safer if permitted, regulated, and seen, than when prohibited, illegal, and uncontrolled. Individual commissioners, who have a direct impact on how the issue of performance enhancements is handled, may have strong feelings, and experience powerful pressures, one way o r another, about these issues, based on their personal experience. The ethical frameworks that such prominent and responsible individuals adhere to, far from inhabiting the wispy realms of philosophy, affect their decision-making directly. The choices that such officials make can shape the way athletes compete throughout a sport and how fans support and appreciate the sport.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Performance enhancement in historical context The human species is characterized by a persistent urge to modify itself or enhance its abilities in order to achieve an advantage, whether against prey animals or other people. From the first spear thrower that offered a Cro-Magnon hunter a fighting chance against a large mammal, to the (presumably) mythical breast removal that the Amazon women were reputed to have performed to ensure unfettered archery, to the chewing of coca leaves by Andean populations to inure the body to pain, cold, and fatigue, to the most modern gene therapy, humans try to become better physically. Every action along these lines has an impact above and beyond the obvious ones. The glorification of the athlete is not new either. The ill-fated Athenian soldier, Feidipides, who ran 150 miles in 2 days to report victory against Sparta, was an early exemplar of the ‘superhuman†, â€Å"ideal† athlete that we still honor today. This event was so striking that it inspired the event of the marathon in the first modern Olympiad. Even today, the image of the long distance runner achieving the apparently impossible inspires literally thousands to emulate Feidipides in cities such as Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, sometimes even to the point of dying in the attempt, just as he did . There is attestation that even the 7th century Greeks tried to enhance performance of their athlete heroes with psychoactiv e mushrooms, brandy, sesame seeds, and other similar traditional herbal and food remedies . We know that a participant in the third modern Olympiad, in 1896, used a strychnine injection during a foot race. By 1928, there was a written policy on drugs at the Olympics . Clearly, little is new under the sun. As the number and effectiveness of potential performance enhancers has expanded, and use has expanded , the interest of sports bodies, the medical and allied professions, and regulatory and legislative entities has increased as well. The result has been an increasing specificity of laws, regulations, and rules, accompanied by increasing sanctions.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Should Professional Sports Allow the Use Of Performance Enhancing Drugs? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The interest of legislators focused on the use of steroids, a category first understood in the1950s as used in baseball, in p articular, in the 1980s. The US Congress held hearings from 1988 to 1990, and in spite of the opposition of government agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration, the Drug Enforcement Administration, the National Institute on Drug Abuse, as well as the American Medical Association, the legislature passed the Anabolic Steroid Control Act in 1990. The concern of Congress seemed, according to Collins, to be primarily focuses on the control of cheating in sport through legislation. The American Medical Association testified, at the time, that steroids were not physiologically or psychologically addictive in the same way that, for example, barbiturates are . The 1990 Act placed steroids on Schedule 3 of the pre-existing Controlled Substances Act . This was the same category as controlled substances such as narcotics, LSD or its precursor chemicals, ketamine, and barbiturates. All of these are defined by the law as follows: â€Å"(A) The drug or other substance has a potential for abuse less than the drugs or other substances in schedules I and II. (B) The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. (C) Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence.† In 1993, the International Olympic Committee took action to forestall the tide of performance enhancing drugs. They published a rather broad definition of inappropriate practices as follows: â€Å"the administration of or use by a competing athlete of any substance foreign to the body or any physiological substance taken in abnormal quantity or by an abnormal route of entry into the body with sole intention of increasing in an artificial and unfair manner his/her performance in competition.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When necessity demands medical treatment with any substance which because of its nature, dosage, or application is able to boost the athlete’s performance in competition in an artificial and unfair manner, this too is regarded by the IOC as doping.† The continuing issue of athletic drug use has spawned other regulatory and monitoring entities. In 2000, an organization was established to coordinate US efforts regarding Olympic competitors. â€Å"The stated mission of the United States Association of Drug Agencies (USADA), the official anti-doping agency for America’s Olympic athletes, is to preserve ‘the wellbeing of Olympic sport, the integrity of competition, and the ensuring health of athletes.’ † Before January 2005, steroid precursors could be purchased in health food stores, legally. Doctors could prescribe anabolic steroids, legally. 2004 testimony before Congress by the DEA asserted that not only steroids, but also the precursor substan ces, which were being marketed as dietary supplements, needed to be controlled. The DEA also contended that the previous requirement that substances be demonstrated in laboratory studies to increase muscle growth constituted a major loophole for the introduction of new â€Å"designer† chemicals. The passage of the Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 2004 made prescription and possession of all these substances for other than medical reasons a criminal act punishable with jail time. This spawned a black market. As one fitness industry businessperson put it, â€Å"Where once you could take them [steroids] under a doctors supervision, now, you had to turn to the black market to find them. The irony here is that almost no doctor was ever going to prescribe steroids to teenage guys, but the black market dealer has no problem doing so† Partially as a result of the 2008 police raids and discoveries of various performance enhancing substances during the Tour de France, the World A nti-Doping Agency was founded â€Å"to promote, coordinate, and monitor the fight against doping in sport in all its forms† . The list of possible enhancements is long and getting longer. To avert exactly this problem of the public creating and using new substances that were not explicitly mentioned on the list, the 2004 legislation included the following four qualifying questions: â€Å"Is the steroid chemically related to testosterone? Is the steroid pharmacologically related to testosterone? Is the steroid an estrogen, progestin, or corticosteroid? Does the steroid promote muscle growth?† Arguments against legalizing performance-enhancing agents Many of those who oppose legalizing performing enhancing agents, including all those substances implied above, are concerned with the health of the athletes, as well as the spirit of sport. They point to evidence that substances used to enhance performance carry some sort of potential risk associated with them. The opponen ts of legalization also object to the perceived inequity between athletes that these substances impose. By substituting substances for effort or supplementing effort, the use of drugs changes the competition from one that occurs between people to one that occurs between dueling prescriptions. Medical risks over the long term include potential damage to the liver, the heart, and other organ systems. Studies by Baggish, et alia suggest an association with left ventricular dysfunction, for example . Ritesh, et alia, list cardio-toxicities, including those causing sudden death, associated especially with ephedra but also with anabolic steroids. Wingert, et alia, records the case of hepatitis and personality changes associated with the use of hormone precursors, and their subsequent complete disappearance when the steroid use was discontinued. Schwingel, et alia, suggest that anabolic steroids play a role in toxicant-associated fatty liver disease in individuals with no other risk factor s, such as excessive body fat. All these scholarly investigations demonstrate the kind of harm that performance enhancing agents can cause . The effect of legalization on the nature of sporting competition disturbs some observers nearly as much as the potential health impacts. Opponents are dismayed at the prospect of the transformation of sport into a chemical arms race. The uneven distribution of athletic talent has been described as a ‘natural lottery’, in which those lucky enough to have helpful characteristics are accorded an advantage relative to their peers. Some opponents of legalization assert that doping would not entirely eliminate such unevenness, but add to it the additional differences between individuals in their response to various drugs. The skill of the prescribing physician, in the view of opponents to permitting PEDs, could become as important a determinant of success as the effort and commitment of the athlete . The implications of this change are w ell expressed by Weising. † There would be no gain in justice (i.e. fairer results that reflected efforts made) for athletes as a result of legalizing doping† . Weising does not, thus, trust that the addition of legalized drugs, across the board, to athletes, would ‘level the playing field’. Weising goes on to assert that, â€Å"Legalization would not reduce restrictions on athletes freedom; the control effort would remain the same, if not increased†. To be otherwise than an invitation for disaster, legalized performance enhancing drugs would need close monitoring, and thus a great deal of additional testing. Weising thus envisions even more frequent and stringently administered tests, limiting the mobility and autonomy of athletes. Weising’s vision of a world of legalized drugs includes â€Å"Extremely complicated international regulations†. He also foresees a continued attempt on the part of athletes and their backers to come up with p ractices which are either undetectable or not yet prohibited in any way. The relationship with fans is another potential casualty of legalization, in Weising’s view. He suggests that,â€Å"Audience mistrust, particularly toward athletes who achieved outstanding feats, would remain because it would still be possible that these athletes were reliant on illegal doping practices. Doping entails exposing the athletes to avoidable risks that do not need to be taken to increase the appeal of a sport. Most importantly, the function of sport as a role model would definitely be damaged. It is not necessary to clarify the question of what constitutes the spirit of sport and whether this may be changed† There are many additional concerns associated with legalization of PEDS. For example, the cost of drugs is an extra expense above and beyond the normal demands of training and good nutrition. This could constitute a burden on athletes from disadvantaged families or poorer countries . As long as athletes are prohibited from using such substances, they can honorably and proudly avoid using them and train â€Å"clean†. However, if these substances were legalized, there is a chance that all athletes would feel the pressure to use such aids. Although sports among youth are outside the scope of this paper, it is also hard to avoid the conclusion that prospective athletes, even at a very early point in their lives, would see performance enhancements as a necessary part of their future development. Some scholars suggest that the lure of performance enhancing drugs can and should be offset through emphasizing less potentially harmful alternatives. These alternatives might include protein supplements, administered at crucial moments before or after a workout or competition. Another avenue to increased performance without drugs is the ingestion of, or carbohydrate supplements during endurance events . Oxygen breathed in before and/or after exercise has a continuin g appeal, and seems to occupy a space between drug and not-drug, although its effectiveness is still unclear Arguments for the legalization of performance enhancing agents Although the evidence of potential harm to the athletes seems ubiquitous, and fears for the corruption of the purity of sport are manifold on the anti-legalization side, the proponents of allowing performance enhancing drugs have equally strongly held opinions. The arguments in favor of allowing performance enhancements address the issues of fairness to all athletes and greater safety and control of drugs already de facto in use, among other concerns. Those who favor legalization point out that the non-drug methods for increasing performance, such as high altitude training, constitute an economic barrier to less financially well-supported athletes, whereas drugs are far less expensive. Savalescu, et alia, even suggest that the money spent on current drug tests could be better allocated to the subsidy of drugs for financially strapped athletes . There is also an objection that testing is not 100% accurate. This detracts from the fairness of the testing system . There are apparently many points at which the test can be undermined. Perhaps the most dramatic and risible is the use of a prosthetic penis filled with warmed drug-free urine to generate an apparently clean sample . Savalescu points out that some individuals are blessed with genes that give them a greater advantage. For example, some people’s packed cell volume is naturally high. Savalescu proposes that safe values be determined on the amount of a particular substance in the blood, for example, the concentration of red blood cells, or the level of testosterone in circulation. He suggests testing that the athlete’s blood not exceed that safe level, whether it arises from a natural genetic peculiarity of the individual, or was achieved via injections . Currently, many athletes risk a criminal record in order to do what the y feel they need to do in order to achieve their goals. This situation would largely disappear with legalization. Physicians also face a difficult decision to make regarding the risk they take now in providing drugs to athletes. Legalization would immediately remove this threat of being labeled a criminal. The perspective from the office of a Sports Commissioner: Ethical considerations The ethical considerations applicable to this problem are vigorously argued. The position in which a Sports Commissioner finds him or herself visvis performance enhancements is subject to a number of competing pressures. His/her views might well depend on the relative weight the Commissioner places on the job’s responsibilities for maintaining safety, maintaining fairness, or selling tickets. As an example of how these goals are described and ordered officially, consider the definition of the aims of the position in a recent job listing for Commissioner of a ten-college conference: â€Å"Promo ting the general well-being and growth of the GNAC by guiding and enforcing policies regarding student-athlete welfare, equal opportunity, affirmative action and equity of participation consistent with the GNAC Constitution, and principles set forth by the NCAA, 2) serving as the principal enforcement officer of NCAA and GNAC legislation, policies and regulations,†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The ethical systems that could apply to the Commissioner’s situation are varied. It should be noted that the ethical stance of the Commissioner qua Commissioner may be different from the ethical stance of the Commissioner as a private individual. This is congruent with the distinction between duty-based, or deontic moral theories on the one hand, and personal virtue-based, or aretaic moral theories. In other words, what the Commissioner’s duty is might be at odds with his personal ethics. (This sort of incongruity is not unheard of in public life, as witnessed by the personal/official disconnect regarding the death penalty discussed in a recent radio interview with the former head of a state correctional system. ) The ethical pressures on the Commissioner will depend on the specific goal in his job description on which he/she places greatest emphasis. Deontology, the science of duty, calls on the individual to do, or refrain from doing, certain categories of action, no matter what the obstacles, no matter what the potential for could be thought of as collateral damage. This requires that the duty of the Commissioner be defined or â€Å"identified† . If the Commissioner accords greatest importance to the duty of protecting the health of the athletes, then he/she must protect athlete health no matter the costs. However, what constitutes protecting athlete health? In an ideal world, a Commissioner might wish that all athletes could train and compete with no substances in their bodies except organically grown foods, unpolluted water, and air free of toxic chemicals and particulates. The Commissioner might wish, personally, that no athlete were forced to take any drug except for healing. This is not an ideal world, however, and the reality is that all athletes are exposed to less than optimal substances, whether involuntarily, through all the toxins in their environment, and or voluntarily through ingesting various drugs and substances. Thus, the Commissioner must, from a deontological perspective, fulfill the duty to protect athlete health in a setting where drugs are being used despite prohibitions and sanctions, both within sports, and according to national legislation. In this imperfect environment, fulfilling the duty to protect health is obstructed by circumstances. If drug use cannot be prevented by injunction or sanction, in practical terms, then the Commissioner may choose to protect health by making the drug use the least damaging possible. Given that resources are limited, the Commissioner may find that his/her duty lies in reducing the potential harm of use and promoting any possible beneficial use, rather than expending resources to prevent use, when it is so endemic in the sports world. Reducing harm may, in practical terms, mean lobbying for legalization. This course of action would need to be accompanied by an associated push for assiduous monitoring of blood levels, quality controls on the manufacture of the drugs to ensure purity and sterility, and intensive education to avert the worst potential ill effects of misuse. This distinction between â€Å"harm elimination† and â€Å"harm management† is the subject of lively debate . Legalization would offer the Commissioner the option to focus disciplinary action and attention on the most dangerous drugs or techniques and impose sanctions differentially on users of such maximally risky substances. This is not currently possible because of the broad nature of the legislation. This would facilitate the Commissioner’s ability to follow the duty t o protect athlete health in the environment of widespread use. Alternatively, the most important duty that the Commissioner confronts may be the preservation of â€Å"equity in sport†, or an equivalent concept . Again, in an ideal world, all talented persons would have an equal chance to obtain the training and support that they need to be their best. The real world, however, has massive inequities that affect athletes as surely as they affect the rest of the population. If the main duty of the Commissioner is to protect the rights of all athletes, then this might also lead to adopting a stance of support for allowing performance-enhancing drugs. Such drugs can be more conveniently distributed evenly and equitably than, for example, the more cumbersome access to high altitude training to increase endurance. Additionally, the Commissioner could accomplish the duty of preserving equity better under legalization, because the most egregious substances and practices could be openl y and directly disciplined. Less dangerous or objectionable substances could be treated with situationally appropriate measures. Thus, the Commissioner might support legalization in order to fulfill his/her duty better to protect the fairness of sport. Still a third possible duty of the Commissioner is the promotion of the sport. In this regard, drugs increase the level of achievement, and potentially contribute to terrific spectacles. On the other hand, such a course could make viewers cynical, and lead to fan abandonment of the sport. Alternatively, the legalized use of drugs could create an insatiable demand for ever-rising drama on the field and court. The Commissioner, operating under a deontological system, would need to evaluate these alternatives and pursue the one that seemed to protect the sport best, thereby fulfilling that duty. A different ethical system is the teleological approach. This system focuses on the results of actions rather than the duty of the individual. U nder this moral theory, the Commissioner would be free to select from all the above alternatives without necessarily worrying about what his/her duty directed. The Commissioner would need to evaluate which one of these courses of action would result in the â€Å"best likely consequence†. This moral system would require the Commissioner to design a response to the problems of, on the one hand, drugs being currently routinely used unsafely because of a lack of supervision and quality controls, and on the other hand, athletes being discredited because of the existing laws, regulations, rules and sanctions. Faced with these issues, a Commissioner could choose to support legalization and intense monitoring, and hope to achieve the best of outcomes in a teleologically sound fashion. The teleological system is congruent with a utilitarian perspective on individual acts, which asks which choice leads to the best result for the most people . If the Commissioner can identify, and imple ment, which course of action helps the largest number of athletes and fans, then that is the most utilitarian choice. The choice to push for legalization and implement a concerted program of controls could be the one that pleases the most people, and might therefore constitute the most utilitarian act. The existential perspective would lead the Commissioner to push for legalization because each individual is, in this view, responsible to follow his or her own conscience. Legalization would allow each athlete to make this decision personally and freely without pressure from the legal system. The issue of who (in the medical insurance system) takes care of the person after they have made decisions that turn out badly appears not to be resolved under this ethical system. Conclusion The issue of performance enhancing drugs, substances, and techniques, is complex and the ethics associated with it are thorny, as well. Although the long term health consequences of any such practice are an ongoing concern, and the long term impact of such practices on the relationship of sport and its fans is still not fully tested by experience, a sports Commissioner can find ethical support from several moral systems for his/her advocacy for legalization. Such legalization would need to be combined with careful and consistent monitoring, controls on manufacturing, and in-depth education of everyone involved in the process. Bibliography Alexander, L., Moore, M. (Fall, 2008, November 21). Deontological Ethics. (E. N. Zalta, Ed.) Retrieved from The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-deontological/ Allen Ault, P. (2011, October 20). Eastern Kentucky University. Radio Times. (M. Moss-Coane, Interviewer) WHYY, archived at http://whyy.org/cms/radiotimes/2011/10/20/perspectives-on-crime-and-punishment/. Baggish, A. L., Weiner, R. B., Kanayama, G., Hudson, J. I., Picard, M. H., Hutter, A. M., et al. (2010, April 27). Long-term anabolic-androgenic s teroid use is associated with left ventricular dysfunction. Retrieved from Circulation and Heart Failure. 2010 July 1; 3(4): 472–476. : ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2909423/ Casini, L. (n.d.). Global Hybrid Public-Private Bodies: The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Retrieved from International Organizations Law Review, Volume 6, Number 2, 2009 , pp. 421-446(26): ingentaconnect.com/content/mnp/iolr/2009/00000006/00000002/art00005 Code of Federal Regulations. (2011, October). Title 21: Food and Drugs PART 1308- SCHEDULES OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES. Retrieved from Electronic Code of Federal Regulations from the Government Printing Office website GPO Access: http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfrrgn=div5view=textnode=21:9.0.1.1.9idno=21#21:9.0.1.1.9.0.26.6 Collins, R. (2006). Changing the game: the congressional response to sports doping via the anabolic steroid control act. New England School of Law Review , 40, 753-764. Davis, L. (2010). Investigating the Phy sics of the Atlatl. Retrieved from Mississippi Valley Archaeology Center: uwlax.edu/MVAC/PDFFiles/NEH2010Les/Atlatl.pdf Dawson, R. (2001, July 1). Drugs in sport the role of the physician. Retrieved from Journal of Endocrinology. J Endocrinol July 1, 2001 170 55-61 : http://joe.endocrinology-journals.org/content/170/1/55.short Dawson, R. T. (2000, October 3). The war on drugs in sport. Retrieved from Biomed Central: biomedcentral.com/1471-8219/1/3/ Elbel, E., Ormond, D., Close, D. (1961, January 1). Some effects of breathing oxygen before and after exercise. Retrieved from J Appl Physiol January 1, 1961 16:(1) 48-52: http://jap.physiology.org/content/16/1/48.full.pdf Great Northwest Athletic Conference. (2011). Job Description: Conference Commissioner: Great Northwest Athletic Conference. Retrieved from The NCAA Market: Careers in College Athletics: http://ncaamarket.ncaa.org/jobs/4536165/conference-commissioner Henne, K. (2009, December 31). The Origins of the International Olymp ic Committee Medical Commission and its Technocratic Regime: An Historiographic Investigation of Anti-Doping Regulation and Enforcement in International Sport. Retrieved from University of California at Irvine, DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINOLOGY, LAW AND SOCIETY: http://doc.rero.ch/lm.php?url=1000,44,38,20100301152359-AF/2009_-_The_Origins_of_the_International_Olympic_Committee_Medical_Commission_-_HENNE_K.pdf Hoffman, J., Kraemer, W., Bhasin, S. S., Ratamess, N., Haff, G., Willoughby, D., et al. (2009, Aug). Position stand on androgen and human growth hormone use. Retrieved from Journal of Strength Conditioning Research. 2009 Aug;23(5 Suppl):S1-S59.: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19620932 Kious, B. (2011, Jun). Dispelling a few false-positives: a reply to MacGregor and McNamee on doping. Retrieved from Theoretical Medical Bioethics. 2011 Jun;32(3):195-200.: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21298346 Kious, B. (2008, October 22). Philosophy on steroids: why the anti-doping position could use a little enhanc ement. Retrieved from Theoretical Medical Bioethics. 2008;29(4):213-34. Epub 2008 Oct 22.: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18941924 Knopp, W., Wang, T., Bach, B. (1997, July). Ergogenic Drugs in Sports: Clinics in Sports Medicine: Primary Care of the Injured Athlete, Part 1. Retrieved from Kneeligamentdoc.com: kneeligamentdoc.com/Files/ergogenic%20drugs%20in%20sports752.pdf Lardon, M. (2008, July). Performance-Enhancing Drugs: Where Should the Line be Drawn and by Whom? Retrieved from NCBI: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2695732/?tool=pubmed Machado, M., Cortez-Pinto, H. (2011, October). The dark side of sports: using steroids may harm your liver. Retrieved from Liver Int. 2011 Mar;31(3):280-1.: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21281427 O, M., M., M. (2010, Dec). Philosophy on steroids: a reply. Retrieved from Theoretical Medical Bioethics, 31(6):401-10.: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20706791 Pathology Education. (2011, April 11). Spotting the cheats – Is There Really Such a Thing as Syntheti c Urine? Retrieved from Pathology Education: iaop2010.org/spotting-the-cheats-is-there-really-such-a-thing-as-synthetic-urine.htm Petrà ³czi, A., Uvacsek, M., Nepusz, T., Deshmukh, N., Shah, I. (2011, April 26). Incongruence in Doping Related Attitudes, Beliefs and Opinions in the Context of Discordant Behavioural Data: In Which Measure Do We Trust? Retrieved from Public Library of Science (PLoS One) 2011; 6(4): e18804. : plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0018804 Rannazzisi, J. T. (2004, March 16). Statement: Joseph T. Rannazzisi, Deputy Director, Ofc of Diversion Control Drug Enforcement Administration Before the House Committee on the JudiciarySubcommittee on Crime, Terrorism Homeland Security: Mar 16, 2004 â€Å"Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 2004. Retrieved from United States Drug Enforcement Administration: justice.gov/dea/pubs/cngrtest/ct031604.html Ritesh, D., Stout, C. W., Link, M. S., Munther, K., Weinstock, J., Estes, N. M. (2005, October). Card iovascular Toxicities of Performance-Enhancing Substances in Sports. Retrieved from Mayo Clinic Proceedings October 2005 vol. 80 no. 10 1307-1315: mayoclinicproceedings.com/content/80/10/1307.short Savulescu, J., Foddy, B., Clayton, M. (2004, December). Why we should allow performance enhancing drugs: from The British Journal of Sports Medicine. Retrieved from The National Center for Biotechnology Information: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1724991/pdf/v038p00666.pdf Schwingel, P., Cotrim, H., Salles, B., Almeida, C., dos Santos, C. J., Nachef, B., et al. (2010, Oct 11). Anabolic-androgenic steroids: a possible new risk factor of toxicant-associated fatty liver disease. Retrieved from Liver Int. 2011 Mar;31(3):348-53. : ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21040407 Solum, L. B. (March 4, 2004, March 4, 2004 March 4, 2004). The Aretaic Turn in Constitutional Theory: U San Diego Public Law Research Paper No. 04-03. Retrieved from Social Science Research Network: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/pape rs.cfm?abstract_id=512882 Spellwin, G. (2005, October 31). Dr. James Shortt Getting steroids from your doctor, plus NFL BALCO updates I.V. Hydrogen Peroxide. Retrieved from George Spellwins Elite Fitness: http://bodybuilding.elitefitness.com/dr-james-shortt-getting-steroids-your-doctor-plus-nfl-balco-updates-iv-hydrogen-peroxide Temesi, J., Johnson, N., Raymond, J., Burdon, C., OConnor, H. (2011, May). Carbohydrate ingestion during endurance exercise improves performance in adults. Retrieved from J Nutr. 2011 May;141(5):890-7. Epub 2011 Mar 16.: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21411610 The United States Senate. (1990). The Controlled Substances Act. Retrieved from United States Department of Justice: justice.gov/usao/eousa/foia_reading_room/usam/title9/100mcrm.htm Thornton, P. K., Champion Jr., W. T., Ruddell, L. S. (2012). Sports Ethics for Sports Management Professionals. Sudbury, MD: Jones and Bartlett, LLC. University of Iowa. (2011). Deontology or Teleology:Ethics Based on Duty or on Consequences. Retrieved from University of Iowa: uiowa.edu/~c019168/168s6online3.html Wiesing, U. (2011, Feb 1). Should performance-enhancing drugs in sport be legalized under medical supervision? Retrieved from Sports Medicine. 2011 Feb 1;41(2):167-76: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21244107 Wingert, N., Tavakol, H., Yoder, E. (2010, July 5). Acute hepatitis and personality change in a 31-year-old man taking prohormone supplement SUS500. Retrieved from Psychosomatics. 2010 Jul;51(4):340-4.: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20587764