Discuss How Carol Ann Duffy Makes Effective Use Of Metaphor. Essay

Discuss How Carol Ann Duffy Makes Effective Use Of Metaphor. In ‘Valentine’, Carol Ann Duffy uses metaphors to illustrate and attempt to explain the complex subject of love. ‘Valentine’ is a very poignant, meaningful poem which is on a very personal level with C.A.D. It seems as if she is drawing on personal experiences. The general tone of the poem appears to be one of bitterness and resentment. Forceful comments such as, ‘†¦Here..’ and ‘†¦Take it†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ suggest that she still holds hidden anger towards the events from which she is drawing her memories. The main metaphor that she uses is of course an onion. She uses an onion to compare the different aspects of love in a number of ways. In the first instance of C.A.D’s use of an onion she uses it to compare the fact that both an onion and love have many layers. She proposes that this is a huge similarity between the two apparently unrelated objects. Secondly, C.A.D uses the onion’s shape and colour to reflect how life changing love can be. She describes the onion as ‘†¦a moon wrapped in brown paper†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ What she means by this is that love can light up your heart but that it often becomes clouded by other issues and problems- the brown paper symbolizes the ‘barrier’. In another way, the brown paper could symbolize boundaries people sometimes erect because they are scared or cynical. C.A.D. seems to be cynical about love-all throughout the poem she seems to want to escape the clichà ©s and what most people would consider as romance. Perhaps this may be because she has had a bad experience of love which she has then illustrated through words in her poem. Just after this she states ‘†¦it promises light..’ which means that C.A.D is suggesting that sometimes a... ...reak. In the final stanza, C.A.D writes, ‘†¦the air tasted of electricity..’ She is referring to the charged atmosphere caused by adolescent hormones. Obviously the classroom is going to be full of hormones because of all the children. Another reference to the heavily charged atmosphere is, ‘†¦the heavy, sexy sky..’ which just supports the atmosphere being hormonally charged. Carol Ann Duffy’s use of metaphors is very effective and illustrative-it causes readers to form subconscious links between objects which in reality are apparently unrelated. Without the use of metaphors, her poems would be entirely different and I am not sure they would be as flowing or as descriptive. The metaphors are often the basis upon which C.A.D’s descriptions are built. She uses them to great effect by blending and layering metaphors with other adjectives and descriptions.

Global Warming: Effects and Impacts

[pic] Introduction Global warming is the observed increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans in recent decades and its projected continuation. In principle, global warming is neutral as to the period or causes, but in both common and scientific usage the term generally refers to recent warming and implies a human influence. Most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations, which leads to warming of the surface and lower atmosphere by increasing the greenhouse effect caused by gases which are released by activities such as the burning of fossil fuels, land clearing, and agriculture. The predicted effects of global warming for the environment and for human life are numerous and varied. The main effect is an increasing global average temperature. From this flow a variety of resulting effects, namely, rising sea levels, altered patterns of agriculture, increased extreme weather events, and the expansion of the range of tropical diseases. In some cases, the effects may already be occurring, although it is generally difficult to attribute specific natural phenomena to long-term global warming. Examples of projected climate changes include, significant slowing of the ocean circulation that transports warm water to the North Atlantic, large reductions in the Greenland and West Antarctic Ice Sheets, accelerated global warming due to carbon cycle feedbacks in the terrestrial biosphere, and releases of terrestrial carbon from permafrost regions and methane from hydrates in coastal sediments. Global warming controversy The global warming controversy is a debate about the causes of observed global warming since the mid-20th century, as well as the expected magnitude and consequences of future warming. A major part of the debate centers around what actions, if any, society should take in response to the prospect of future warming. Some of the main areas of controversy include: 1. Whether the climate is changing beyond natural variations in the historical temperature record 2. Whether human/industrial activity is responsible for the change and if so, to what extent 3. The effect of predicted depletion of fossil fuels, both individually as e. g. oil runs out and users turn to the higher polluting coal and overall as to whether there are sufficient available reserves to cause the more extreme climate change scenarios 4. The effectiveness of policies to reduce CO2 emissions 5. The size of future changes in climate 6. The regional effects of climate change 7. The consequences of climate change Among climate scientists there is little disagreement that global warming is primarily anthropogenic, but the debate continues in the popular media and on a policy level. Questions include whether there is a scientific consensus on the extent and rate of anthropogenic global warming, and in particular whether there is sufficient evidence to justify immediate and far-reaching actions to ameliorate its effects. Those who believe such a consensus exists express a wide range of opinions: some merely recognize the validity of the observed increases in temperature, while others support measures such as the Kyoto Protocol which are intended to reduce the magnitude of future global warming. Still others believe that environmental damage will be so severe that immediate steps must be taken to reduce carbon dioxide and methane emissions, even if the precise results are unknown, and even if there are substantial economic costs to doing so. One example of an attempt to force action is the Sierra Club suing the U. S. government over failure to raise automobile fuel efficiency standards, and thereby decrease carbon dioxide emissions. Most of the consequences of global warming would result from one of three physical changes: sea level rise, higher local temperatures, and changes in rainfall patterns. Sea level is generally expected to rise 50-200 cm in the next century. Erode recreational beaches 100-200 meters, exacerbate coastal flooding and increase the salinity of aquifers and estuaries. o enhance beneficial impacts, but will incur costs and will not prevent all damages. Extremes, variability, and rates of change are all key features in addressing vulnerability and adaptation to climate change, not simply changes in average climate conditions. Human and natural systems will to some degree adapt autonomously to climate change. Planned adaptation can supplement autonomous adaptation, though there are more options and gre ater possibility for offering incentives in the case of adaptation of human systems than in the case of adaptation to protect natural systems. Poorer nations The ability of human systems to adapt to and cope with climate change depends on such factors as wealth, technology, education, information, skills, infrastructure, access to resources, and management capabilities. There is potential for developed and developing countries to enhance and/or acquire adaptive capabilities. Populations and communities are highly variable in their endowments with these attributes, and the developing countries, particularly the least developed countries, are generally poorest in this regard. As a result, they have lesser capacity to adapt and are more vulnerable to climate change damages, just as they are more vulnerable to other stresses. This condition is most extreme among the poorest people. Historic adaptation Some of those who argue for adaptation to global warming do so with the perspective that human civilization has proven to be highly adaptable to climate change in the past and therefore will likely be able to adapt to climate change in the future. The counterargument to this perspective is that the costs of adaptation are much higher than in the past due to the greater investment in urban and industrial infrastructure. In the past, cities could be relocated largely by having the populace pack up their possessions on their backs, on pack animals or wagons and relocate. Modern cities the size of Bristol or Liverpool cannot be relocated easily even with the use of truck, air and rail transport. The damage suffered by New Orleans by hurricane Katrina provides some perspective as to the potential damage that can be caused by a rise in sea level. Far more technology and resources are available today. Our organizational and communication Adaptation mechanisms The following 9 fundamental principles can be considered when designing adaptation policy. 1. The effects of climate change vary by region. 2. The effects of climate change may vary across demographic groups. 3. Climate change poses both risks and opportunities. 4. The effects of climate change must be considered in the context of multiple stressors and factors, which may be as important to the design of adaptive responses as the sensitivity of the change. 5. Adaptation comes at a cost. 6. Adaptive responses vary in effectiveness, as demonstrated by current efforts to cope with climate variability. 7. The systemic nature of climate impacts complicates the development of adaptation policy. 8. Mal-adaptation can result in negative effects that are as serious as the climate-induced effects that are being avoided. 9. Many opportunities for adaptation make sense whether or not the effects of climate change are realized. Methods of adaptation Agricultural production Agriculture of any kind is strongly influenced by the availability of water. Climate change will modify rainfall, evaporation, runoff, and soil moisture storage. Changes in total seasonal precipitation or in its pattern of variability are both important. The occurrence of moisture stress during flowering, pollination, and grain-filling is harmful to most crops and particularly so to corn, soybeans, and wheat. Increased evaporation from the soil and accelerated transpiration in the plants themselves will cause moisture stress; as a result there will be a need to develop crop varieties with greater drought tolerance. The demand for water for irrigation is projected to rise in a warmer climate, bringing increased competition between agriculture–already the largest consumer of water resources in semiarid regions–and urban as well as industrial users. Falling water tables and the resulting increase in the energy needed to pump water will make the practice of irrigation more expensive, particularly when with drier conditions more water will be required per acre. Crop development models In order to further study effects of global warming on agriculture, other ypes of models, such as crop development models, yield prediction, quantities of water or fertilizer consumed, can be used. Such models condense the knowledge accumulated of the climate, soil, and effects observed of the results of various agricultural practices. They thus could make it possible to test strategies of adaptation to modifications of the environment. Because these models are necessarily simplifying natural conditions ( often based on the assumption that weeds, disease and insect pests are controlled), it is not clear whether the results they give will have an in-field reality. However, some results are partly validated with an increasing number of experimental results. Other models, such as insect and disease development models based on climate projections are also used (for example simulation of aphid reproduction or septoria (cereal fungal disease) development). Urban areas One strategy involves adapting urban areas to increasingly severe storms by increasing domestic, unpaved gardens etc and increasing the capacity of storm water systems (and also separating storm water from black water so that overflows in peak periods do not contaminate rivers). Weather Control Also there are methods like seeding of the sulphur in the clouds to have rain when it is required. The control can be better enhanced by adopting genetical methods of agriculture, green roofs in urban areas etc where the fewer fertilizers and less water is used and at the same time the food production is increased thereby increasing the greenery and thus bettering the CO2 sink capacity. Conclusion As discussed in the paper we will like to again focus on the importance of adaptation to global warming as a very strong factor. It is essential that the mitigation efforts continue towards solving the problem but for practical purposes we all very well know that it alone can never accomplish this feat even if it had very large financial resources at its behest. So the best way to survive in nature is to accept it since Charles Darwin rightly said that it’s only the fittest and most adaptable whom the nature will select to stay along with. Hence it will be good if we understand the fact that its we who need to adapt to the nature, much sooner than later rather than expecting the reverse by putting in huge sums of money in terms of technological measures.

French Verb Conjugation for Briller (to Shine)

To shine in French is the verb  briller. It is an easy one to remember if you associate it with brilliant, as in give it a brilliant shine.   When you want to change  briller  to the past tense -- or the present or future, for that matter -- you will need to conjugate the verb. French students who have studied other verbs that end in -er  will find this lesson very familiar. Conjugating the French Verb  Briller First, a quick review of pronunciation. Keep in mind that the double LL sounds like a Y when it follows an I. Rather than the hard L sound of [briller], it is pronounced [breeyer]. This follows through to all of the verb conjugations. Briller  is a  regular -ER verb  and that makes it relatively straightforward. The verb endings that replace the -er  follow a specific pattern. For example, in  je  future tense, an  -ai  is added to  briller  and in je  imperfect past tense, the -er  becomes -ais. You will find this in similar verbs like  blesser  (to hurt) and  augmenter  (to raise). That makes each new verb just a little easier to learn. The chart lays out the primary forms of  briller  for you to study. To use it, pair the subject pronoun with the appropriate tense. For example, I shine is je brille and we will shine is nous brillerons. Brillers Present Participle When you want to use the  present participle  of briller, drop the -er  and add an -ant.  This gives you the word brillant. Did you notice the resemblance to brilliant? The present participle is where we get the correlation that can help with memorization. Another Past Tense of  Briller The past tense of  briller  can be expressed using the imperfect or the  passà © composà ©. For the latter, you will use the  past participle  brillà ©Ã‚  as well as the conjugate of  avoir, which is an  auxiliary verb. As an example of the completed passà © composà ©, I moved becomes jai brillà © and we moved is nous avons brillà ©. Note how  ai  and  avons  are conjugates of  avoir  and  brillà ©Ã‚  does not change with the subject. More Simple Conjugations of  Briller There may be times in your French that you will use one of the following verb forms of  briller. The subjunctive and conditional are used when the action has some uncertainty to it. The passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive are primarily found in literature and when youre writing. When you want to use  briller  in short commands or requests, you can turn to the imperative verb form. For this one, skip the subject pronoun and say only the verb: brille rather than tu brille.

Rhetorical Analysis College Football - 1262 Words

Essay 2 (Rhetorical Analysis) College Football is American Football played by student athletes at universities and colleges around the Nation. In American Football they have a Quarterback, in most cases, the Quarterback is the leader and focal point of the Football Team. At the University of Florida, they had a guy named Tim Tebow. Tim Tebow was the Heisman winning and Star Quarterback for the University of Florida Gators, but was also well known for his public display of religious faith on and off the Football Field. On September 27, 2008, the Florida Gators lost a disappointing game against the Ole Miss Rebels; Where Tim Tebow was stopped 1 yard shy away from giving the Gators a chance to win the game. It was a disappointing loss as the Florida Gators were expecting an undefeated season, and another shot at College Football’s National Championship. After the game at the usual post game conference, an obvious emotional Tim Tebow talked about the struggles of the game and delivered the famous â€Å"I Pro mise† speech that will be forever remembered at the University of Florida and College Football history. Tim Tebow’s speech empowered and inspired football fans across the nation and was the reason his team won the National Championship. Tim Tebow’s â€Å"I Promise† Speech was at the post game conference following the crucial 31-30 loss to the Ole Miss Rebels. 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We had to write a synthesis essay, rhetorical analysis essay and an argument essay. The easiest one for me was the synthesis essay. Because I had to use sources to prove my argument, it was easy to analyze the sources and put it together. The most difficult essay for me was the rhetorical analysis essay because it would be hard because sometimes the author’s message was hard to see. At first I would not know what toRead MoreStudent Athlete And The National Collegiate Athletic Association Essay2749 Words   |  11 Pagesand gives absolutely none of that money to the true makers of revenue, the athletes (primarily those in Division I football and men’s basketball). The only compensation that athletes receive for their work is scholarship money, which may be deemed priceless for one’s future but is really only worth $25,000 a year. Universities, television networks, and the NCAA are ignoring that college athletics is a real business (Jackson, 1). The educational benefits do not provide these athletes with food for theirRead MoreAbstract . In This Rhetorical Analysis, The Value Of Uniqueness1388 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract In this rhetorical analysis, the value of uniqueness and the use of flavors are expressed in an ad by Dr. Pepper, a well-known and popular company. These values are found within the appeals of logos, pathos, and ethos.It also states the history of how this soft drink was created, the creator, and the year it was created. Logos is expressed when the brand states that it contains 23 flavors and also includes an image of a bottle with the number 23 as well with other phrases. Pathos is usedRead MoreCultural Value Of Food As Representing Advertisements For Dr. Pepper1435 Words   |  6 PagesCultural Value of Food as Represented in Advertisements for Dr. Pepper Yulisa Garcia, Vanessa Rodriguez, Erika Garcia Texas AM International University Abstract In this rhetorical analysis, the value of uniqueness and the use of flavors are expressed in an ad by Dr. Pepper, a well-known and popular company. These values are found within the appeals of logos, pathos, and ethos.It also states the history of how this soft drink was created, the creator, and the year it was created. Logos

Can You Own a Sound - 900 Words

Can You Own a Sound? Do you think Happy Birthday is a copy right? We listen to music today and hear either the same beat or bits of pieces of someone else’s song on a different album. So, I ask this question again can you own a sound. When did sampling get popular? Sampling is the act of taking a portion of a song. The rapper Ice Cube recorded a song about sampling. Some people sued others for sampling, because it was either their beat or their lyrics. Sampling gained in the 1960’s. Once it started it caught people’s attention. It was said back then lots of people heard a similar beat from artist to artist. Sampling continues till today. Why are people amused by music if they have the same beat or sometimes stolen lyrics? Most†¦show more content†¦Chris put this is one of his songs. Now if you think about it copyright is when you either take someone else’s sound. Ice Cube made a song in the 1900’s about sampling, and used someone elseâ€⠄¢s beat. Now today it’s not that hard to take someone else’s beat and change the lyrics. Little do they know? Anyone who takes another artist song they can sew. My opinion on sampling I think its ok. Like we can’t stop people from using lyrics or beats from others. To me like people may be so interesting in your beat that they thought they use it. Honestly be happy that another author wants to use your beat or some lyrics they admire it. One of the sources I used sources Cathy Lynn Grossman, â€Å"Dance World Honors Ballet† of Mr. B: Kennedy Center Presents 14 works from Balanchine, â€Å"USA today, 12 September 2000, and p.40. Another source I used was Associated press, â€Å"Rock concerts Moving to Big Screens: Rolling Stones Green Day among bands simulcasting shows, today.msnbc.com (7 July 2003). And my last source was Steve Knopper, â€Å"The Cheap Seats,† Rolling Stone.no.926 (10 July 2003); 17. These are the only sources I chose out of t he book. I just want to talk about these sources. 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Creating Peace Through Non Violence Free Essays

In Martin Luther King Junior’s essay â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† and Aung San Suu Kyi’s essay â€Å"Freedom from Fear†, they discuss the importance of non-violent action in order to end political conflicts. In the speech â€Å"A Just and Lasting Peace† Barack Obama explains the effects of war and the ways in which non-violence can create a just and lasting peace. According to King, in order to create opportunities for negotiating about unjust laws, non-violent action may be necessary. We will write a custom essay sample on Creating Peace Through Non Violence or any similar topic only for you Order Now Violence is never the long term solution to any problem. This is why non-violent action is so powerful. Suu Kyi discusses why society must be able to liberate their minds from apathy and fear in order to overcome a corrupt government. Fear causes corruption in government and corruption in society. In order to restore a corrupt government and society, the citizens must find courage, because courage is the only way to overcome corruption. According to Barack Obama, in order to create a just and lasting peace we must find alternatives to violence. War promises human tragedy. In most cases the cost of war outweighs the benefits. Non-violent direct action, freedom from fear, and alternatives to violence will fix corrupt governments and will create lasting peace by forcing a national awareness of injustices; without political pressure there cannot be a lasting peace. Non-violent direct action will create opportunities for negotiating unjust laws. During the civil rights movement, racial discrimination impacted the lives of many African Americans. Racial segregation laws became the main target for civil rights activists like Martin Luther King, Jr. According to King, â€Å"in any nonviolent campaign there are four basic steps: (1) collection of the facts to determine whether injustices are alive; (2) negotiation; (3) self-purification; and (4) direct action† (King 576). In the first step you must be able to identify an issue which requires non-violent action. After you identify an issue you must negotiate with a political leader in order to solve this problem. If this does not create a solution to the problem direct action may be necessary. The purpose of non-violent direct action is to create a situation so crisis-packed that it will open the door to negotiation. King believes that violence will only prolong the issues in society and the only effective way to create lasting change is to pressure political leaders through non-violent action. According to King, there are two types of laws: a just law and an unjust law. â€Å"An unjust law is a code that a majority inflicts on a minority that is not binding on itself. A just law is a code that a majority compels a minority to follow that it is willing to follow itself† (King 580). Unjust laws create corruption among societies. In order to overcome these unjust laws one must be willing to break them. By disobeying unjust laws, and accepting the penalties which come with it, in reality you are â€Å"expressing the very highest respect for law† (King 580). This act of civil disobedience will put significant pressure on politics in order to force a change. Many peaceful protests were used in order to bring awareness to level of police brutality during the civil rights movement. After witnessing countless African Americans being attacked by malicious police officers while peacefully protesting, a national awareness pressured segregation laws out of existence. In order to build a civilized society which provides basic human rights, citizens must be fearless of their government. According to Aung San Suu Kyi, there are four kinds of corruption: â€Å"corruption induced by desire†, â€Å"revenge†, â€Å"ignorance†, and â€Å"fear† (Suu Kyi 682). Fear, unlike the rest, is the root of all evil. Power doesn’t lead to corruption, fear does. The fear of â€Å"losing power corrupts those who wield it and fear of the scourge of power corrupts those who are subject to it† (Suu Kyi 682). In order to overcome fear in a corrupt government, each and everyone must make sacrifices in order to possess courage. In a society where fear is an integral part of everyday existence, it is not easy to remain uncorrupt. It is the obligation of the people to stay strong and uphold principles of justice. Without fear one can overcome any obstacle, but the second fear returns it is difficult to reach your goals. In order for these ordinary people to create a society which promotes â€Å"the basic rights and freedoms to which all human beings are entitled†, they must discover that â€Å"freedom from fear stands out as both a means and an end† (Suu Kyi 684). When a society is able to stand together and liberate their minds from apathy and fear, they will truly achieve freedom. They will have the courage to challenge their corrupt government and create a government where the people possess the power. The non-violent way of overcoming a corrupt government is to overcome fear. In a world filled with war, genocide, and dangerous weapons, we must explore alternatives to violence which will help create just and lasting peace. According to Barack Obama â€Å"there is nothing weak—nothing passive—nothing naive—in the creed and lives of Gandhi and King† (Obama 644). Despite this, Obama believes that war has a role in preserving the peace, but in no way is it the solution to all problems. No matter how justified, war promises human tragedy. Innocent citizens will die along with foreign and U. S soldiers. Wars between nations will give way to wars within nations. Looking back at the past we can see completely different views on war. For most of history â€Å"the capacity of human beings to think up new ways to kill one another proved inexhaustible† (Obama 643). The views on war have significantly evolved over the years due to many evolutionary changes including the addition of the Marshal Plan and the United Nations. Both of these additions have prevented a third world war. By restricting the use of war and weapons, the U. S has improved the balance between peace and violence. According to Obama, there are three ways that we can build a just and lasting peace. We must develop â€Å"alternatives to violence†, â€Å"human rights†, and â€Å"economic security† (Obama 648). Alternatives to violence will help the United States build peaceful relationships between foreign countries which will prevent future wars. Human rights are essential for maintaining a peace among the U. S citizens. Economic security will improve the standard of living in the United States and it will unite the peoples trust in the government. By achieving these goals, the U. S can achieve a non-violent means to a lasting peace. Non-violent direct action, freedom from fear, and alternatives to violence are key solutions to overcoming a corrupt government and creating lasting peace. Non-violent direct action may seem like an ineffective way to solve problems in a corrupt government, but according to Martin Luther King, Jr. , it is the only way to fix a corrupt government. Non-violent direct action was a key tactic used during the civil rights movement which ended racial segregation in America. Martin Luther King, Jr. nd other civil rights activists demonstrated non-violent sit-ins and protests which pressured political leaders into negotiating deals which would limit segregation laws. By doing this, the U. S people were able to see the level of police brutality during the civil rights movement. The U. S citizens were able to see how segregation was morally wrong. Non-violent direct action was an effective method used to end racial segregation. Freedom from fear is what Aung San Suu Kyi describes as being a key method to fix a corrupt government. Any society which is controlled by fear often possesses some level of corruption within its government. In order to overcome a corrupt government, you must liberate your minds of apathy and fear. When a whole society is able to come together and build a sense of courage among the people, that society will have what is needed to overcome a corrupt government. Barack Obama describes the importance of finding alternatives to violence. In order to create a lasting peace, you must first have peace. As a nation, the United States is striving towards peace whether it’s on foreign or domestic land. Many wars have been fought in order to create peace, but as long as there is war there will never be lasting peace. The solution to this problem is complex, but it starts with us finding alternatives to violence. War will not solve any issues. It simply prolongs and complicates foreign conflicts. When the U. S government creates peace treaties instead of wars, then and only then will we see a glimpse of lasting peace. Works Cited King, Martin Luther, Jr. â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail. † Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , 12 Apr. 1963. Print. Obama, Barack. â€Å"A Just and Lasting Peace. † The Nobel Foundation, n. d. Print. 2009. Suu Kyi, Aung San. â€Å"Freedom from Fear. † Micheal Aris, 1995. Print. How to cite Creating Peace Through Non Violence, Essay examples

Rapid Prototyping Entails A Prompt Processâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Rapid Prototyping Entails A Prompt Process? Answer: Introducation Rapid prototyping entails a prompt process of constructing a model system aimed at developing the systems life cycle by testing the concept. Furthermore, the prototype is used in evaluating a new design in order to enhance precision by users and system analyst. The rapid prototype field is composed of two works: doing prototypes per order and owning a rapid prototype machine [1]. For instance, Frank Billings, after a three-year venture into Cocable Company, eventually ends up with his own rapid prototype business design by perfecting his own design of rapid prototype machine. Furthermore, in any new business, finding customers is hard. Nevertheless, Franks business eventually booms after Cocable was hired to manufacture and design cable installation on the GE Companys newest jet engine, they contacted Frank to their specifications to construct four rapid prototype machines, thus, opening his business to the market. Hence, this results in the transformation and the start of his business to thrive. However, his efforts are in vain after the Cocable Company tasted his CAD model of 62 inches that failed to work. This was due to a miscommunication which led to lots of blame game after the completion of the project as Frank blamed Cocable while Cocable blamed GE for wrong instructions [2]. Thus, for changes to be attained, joint efforts of Cocable and GE should be seen in helping Frank rebuild a new model. Hence, for the success of any project, right instructions and proper communications amidst the involved parties should be upheld. Project management faces various problems which include: lack of proper clarity in documenting and defining the objectives, goals, and responsibilities. This is critical as it makes one not to know what they are to follow and stick to, as it is caused by lack of prior knowledge on the project and what it is aimed to achieve [3]. Also, improper budgeting is another problem which leads to over spending resulting to incompletion of the project as it causes a shortage in funds or materials needed to complete the project process. Therefore, this can be tackled through ensuring that stakeholders should come up with a project that has well-stated aims and objectives. They should also, hire well-trained personnel who are in a position to analyze the project and foresee its destiny, thus, enabling them to make the right budget fit for the identified project. Nonetheless, miscommunication is a great bottleneck that hinders a project. For instance, Audit is unable to successfully create the required CAD model as per the GE Company due to lack of proper stated instructions from involved parties. Miscommunication is as a result of lack of proper coordination [4]. Thus, for a project to succeed, effective communication from the clients, employees, employers and involved companies should be adhered to as this will ensure that challenges and problems faced while performing various activities are taken care off. Besides that, inadequately trained personnel are another problem as it leads to the ineffective performance of the tasks involved in the project. Thus, hindering the ability of employees to meet the challenges faced. This is as a result of too early training or lack of it as individuals trained early, tend to forget the steps involved in the project process [5]. This problem can be solved through; optimum training that is imparted just before the implementation of the project begins. Also, the company should hire personnel who are competent and have skills required carrying out the execution of the project. Encourage teamwork which will lead to sharing of knowledge among the stakeholders and the executors of the project. In addition, another problem that a project may face is the poor quality of task performance which results in additional labor and time spent to redo the tasks. When this is repeated, the completion of the project will be delayed, loss of focus will be experienced, and the general overshoot of the budget will be inevitable [6]. Thus, executors of the project should be well trained in order to avoid poor quality performance. Lack of interest and motivation amongst team members results in poor performance. This is critical since, when employees are dispirited due to the poor and unpromising environment, they tend not to deliver as expected. Thus, hindering the attainment of the aims and objectives of the project as activities and tasks are done haphazardly [7]. This can be avoided through the project managers ensuring that the employees are motivated and attended to via awarding the most improved, payment in case of an overtime work, raising their salaries, allowances, salary payment on time and the general creation of a proper working environment as this will increase the morale of the team members, thereby, leading to a joint effort in attaining the goals of the project. More so, lack of adequate research during the planning phase is a big problem as it hinders the general effectiveness in carrying out the project. Since, the risks faced are not discovered on time, thereby, hampering the stakeholders ability to tackle the problems before they become hazardous. This is caused by making rash decisions and implementing them without scrutinizing adequately the project [8]. Therefore, inadequate research can be solved by making sure that skilled team members are delegated the responsibility to do in depth research pertaining the project. As this will ensure prior identification of problems to be faced, thus, creating a platform for solutions to control the risks and its negative results. Conclusively, the success of any given project is paramount. Just like Frank struggled to ensure that his rapid prototyping was successful despite his failures. Thus, eradicating the problems faced in the cause of the project is crucial as it ensures the success of the project. References [1] Blackburn, S. (2012). The project manager and the project-network. International Journal of Project Management, [online] 20(3), pp.199-204. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-7863(01)00069-2 [Accessed 11 Aug. 2017]. [2]Hoare, H. (2011).Project management using network analysis. [Maidenhead]: McGraw-Hill. [3]Jonas, D. (2010). Empowering project portfolio managers: How management involvement impacts project portfolio management performance. International Journal of Project Management, [online] 28(8), pp.818-831. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2010.07.002 [Accessed 11 Aug. 2017]. [4]Management and network analysis. (2013). International Journal of Project Management, [online] 4(1), p.49. Accounting at: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-7863(86)90063-3 [Accessed 11 Aug. 2017]. [5]D Anderson, S. (2012). Project quality and project managers. International Journal of Project Management, [online] 10(3), pp.138-144. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-7863(92)90002-q [Accessed 11 Aug. 2017]. [6]Dupont, D. and Eskerod, P. (2016). Enhancing project benefit realization through integration of line managers as project benefit managers. International Journal of Project Management, [online] 34(4), pp.779-788. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2015.10.009 [Accessed 11 Aug. 2017]. [7]Mishra, R. and Soota, T. (2015). Modern project management. New Delhi: New Age. [8]Rozenes, S. and Vitner, G. (2010). Multidimensional project control system implementation methodology. International Journal of Project Organisation and Management, [online] 2(1), p.40. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijpom.2010.031881 [Accessed 11 Aug. 2017].